SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES

The present pandemic has opened an avenue for all stakeholders of education, especially for teachers, to think about the alternatives that can be explored to keep educational processes going. The sudden outburst of this situation compelled teachers and students to create, adopt and adapt to online learning environment despite the fact that preparations and infrastructural support for the same were limited. The curriculum and examinations related commitment motivated teachers to complete the teaching learning process in due time. However, the challenges for the teachers to do so were quite immense. This paper focuses on the teachers’ perspectives of online learning environment and its challenges that they came across during online teaching learning process. Based on a research survey, conducted on 110 teachers of 26 higher educational institutions of India, this paper contends that majority of teachers were enthusiastic to learn new technologies and felt that this shift made them more empowered. However, major challenge they found was lack of band width & connectivity, students’ active participation and smooth interaction. This paper also highlights the perception of teachers about feasibility of online assessment and its current alignment with the curricular reforms that is the need of the hour. The paper contends that the blended approach of teaching learning may precipitate enhanced learning environment for all the stakeholders of education for the betterment of all that may pave way for futuristic educational planning even when the situation gets back to normalcy. Keywords- Online Learning, assessment, challenges, blended learning, education

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Aboagye, E., Yawson, J.A., &Appiah, K.N. (2020). COVID-19 and E-Learning: The Challenges of Students in Tertiary Institutions. Social Education Research, Vol.1(1)109-115. Albrahim, F. A. (2020). Online Teaching Skills and Competencies. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, Vol.19(1). Aung, T.N., Khaing, S.S. (2015). Challenges of implementing e-learning in developing countries: A review. International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing, Springer, Cham, p.405-411. Basilaia, G., Dgebuadze, M., Kantaria, M., & Chokhonelidze, G. (2020). Replacing the classic learning form at universities as an immediate response to the COVID-19 virus infection in Georgia. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 8(III). Bao, W. (2019). Bridging the gap between research and practice: Identifying high-impact educational practices for Chinese undergraduate education. Peking University Education Review, 1, 105–129. Bao, W. (2020). COVID-19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Hum Behav & Emerg Tech., 2:113–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191. Buchanan, D.A. (2012). Case studies in organizational research. Qualitative organizational research.,5: 351-70.

As we all know that education is crucial in the development of any country. The main focus of this research is to identify the challenges faced by women pre-service teachers to achieve professional competencies. . All our respondents strongly believed that the married women pre-service teachers face greater challenges than unmarried women pre-service teachers. Despite the supportive attitude of their parents and husbands, unmarried women still face challenges like managing time between personal, social and educational life. Although their husbands are supportive, their children are neglected and they still have to manage home front, which affects their physical and mental well-being. Keywords: Challenges, Women Pre-Service Teachers, Professional Competencies

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Bennett, Lynn, (2002), “Using Empowerment and Social Inclusion for Pro-poor Growth: A Theory of Social Change”, Working Draft of Background Paper for the Social Development Strategy Paper, Washington, DC, World Bank. Kabeer, Naila, (2001), “Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment”, in Discussing Women’s Empowerment-Theory and Practice, Sida Studies No. 3. Novum Grafiska AB, Stockholm. Kanayo Nwanze (2011) Closing the gender gap in rural development. President, International Fund for Agriculture Development http://www.intracen.org/Closing-the-gender-gap-in-ruraldevelopment/#sthash.F2p63fz1.dpuf Kumar, Prahlad and Paul, Tinku, (2004), “Informalization and Need for Gender Sensitive Statistics”, paper presented in a National Conference by Indian Political Economy Association on ‘Globalization, State and the Weaker Sections’ held at G.B Pant Social Science Institute on 11-12 June, 2004.

Cyber security in the IT world refers to the protection of data which could be present either on personal devices or the cloud from being leaked or shared that could lead to financial loss to the individual or an organisation. With the technology advancement the number of attacks on the organisations have increased drastically which has made the study of cybersecurity quite important nowadays. The data which is present on the internet is quite vulnerable which often results in the information being compromised. Various challenges are faced by the IT industries in order to protect the data of the employees and the data of the organisation. Challenges are in the form of data security, automotive security, internet security, mobile security and biometric authentication. A brief elaboration on each is discussed below in the paper. Cyber attacks are done basically for two reasons, the former being to gain money by laundering the information and the later is for the revenge for an individual. Hackers are the professionals who perform the attacks. Some common cyber threats are adware, spyware, phishing, etc. whose description is given below in the ‘Cyber-attacks’ section. Moreover, this paper states some practices that will be helpful to reduce data breaches or other cyber threats. If these practices are followed then data can be prevented from exploitation. Keywords : Cyber Security, Cyber threat, Ransomware

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Atul M. Tonge , Suraj S. Kasture , Surbhi R. Chaudhari, “Cyber security: challenges for society- literature review” L. M. Kaufman, "Data Security in the World of Cloud Computing," in IEEE Security & Privacy, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 61-64, July-Aug. 2009, doi: 10.1109/MSP.2009.87. G. A. Marin, "Network security basics," in IEEE Security & Privacy, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 68-72, Nov.-Dec. 2005, doi: 10.1109/MSP.2005.153

As a teacher educator, the researcher often observed the school students expressing that they are unable to remember various formulae in Mathematics and use them correctly to solve word problems. The present action research project has been undertaken with the purpose to explore the effectiveness of Concrete Teaching in teaching of Word Problems for Std VI students. The pre-test and post test scores revealed that the performance of the students improved significantly, and the students expressed better confidence and felt motivated in the Mathematics class. Keywords: Mathematics, Word Problems, Concrete Teaching, Action Research.

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Baratta-Lorton, M. (1995). Mathematics their way. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Bratina, T. (n.d.) Learning tiles. University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL. Retrieved 6/7/20017, from http://www.unf.edu/~tbratina/flash/ algebratiles_teachers.htm Carlson, C. G. (1992). The metamorphosis of mathematics education. (ED364403). NewJersey. Hatfield, M. M. (1994). Use of manipulative devices: Elementary school cooperating teachers self-report. School Science and Mathematics, 94, (6), 303-309. Heddens, J. W. (n.d.). Improving Mathematics Teaching by Using Manipulatives. Retrieved 6/7/20017, from www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~fllee/mathfor/edumath/9706/13hedden.html

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das (Dr.) B. C. (2009)- Tribal Education- Trends and Future Scenario, Regal Pubs. New delhi. Mohapatra S. N., Mishra B. C. (2000) – Qualitative Education for Tribals- Agenda and Problems, Deep and Deep Pubs. New Delhi. Ambasht, Nawal Kishore (1970)- A Critical Study of Tribal Education, S. Chand and Co. Pubs. New Delhi. Singh, Bhupinder, Mahanti Neeti (Ed.) (1995)- Tribal education In India, Inter-India Pubs. New Delhi. Srinivas Nallani (2010) – Tribal Education, A. P. H. Pubs. New Delhi. D’souza (Dr.) Nafisa Goga (2003)- Empowerment and Action: Laya’s Work in Trbal Education, India IEP case study. Jain Seema (Vikas Samvad, Bhopal)- Tribal Struggle For Education. Mane (Dr.) Vikas (2010)- Evaluation of Secondary Level Ashramshala’s in Pune District, Centre for Educational Studies, Indian Institute of Education, Pune. Mane (Dr.) Vikas (2010)- School Curriculam and Tribal Student: A Scio-Economic and Cultural Interface, Centre for Educational Studies, Indian Institute of Education, Pune. Jain (Dr.) Ambika and (Dr.) Vikas (2006)- A Study of the Educational Status of the Denotified and Nomadic Tribes in Maharashtra, Centre for Educational Studies, Indian Institute of Education, Pune.

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Shahid, Abdus, Brigadier General, Bangladesh Army. Bangladesh-India Relations: Key Bilateral Issues, Individual Research Paper, National Defense College, Bangladesh (August 2006) and http://idcr.cprindia.org/blog/india-and-bangladeshreview-bilateral-opportunities (Accessed February 20, 2013). Hussain. “Bangladesh-India Relations”, Lailufar, Yasmin. “India Bangladesh Tussle.” The Bangladesh Observer, Dhaka, October 17, 2005 and http://idcr.cprindia.org/blog/india-andbangladeshreview-bilateral-opportunities (Accessed February 20, 2013). Mostofa, Faruque Mohmmmed. “Outstanding Issues in Bangladesh-India Relations.” Journal of International Relations, Vol-1, no. 1 (2005) and Dilara, Chowdhury. “Management of Indo-Bangladesh Border.” The Daily Star, Dhaka, September 21, 2004. Shahid. “Bangladesh-India Relations”, Hossain, M Sakhawat, Brigadier General (Retd), Bangladesh Army. “Indo-Bangladesh Relations: Quest for Better Ties.” The Daily Independent, Dhaka, January 11, 2005 and http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33033342 (Accessed on June 06, 2015). http://www.albd.org/index.php/en/resources/special-reports/2581-beyond-neighbours-indiabangladesh-relations-between-2009-and-2015 (Accessed on June 03, 2015

Learning disabilities are disorders that affect the ability to understand, or use spoken or written language, do mathematical calculations, coordinate movements, or direct attention. Children with learning disabilities need to study in normal schools for their normal development. Inclusive education is the solution for this objective. Teachers are the pillars of the education system and are responsible for proper implementation of educational policies, then whether it’s related to a normal school, a special school or an inclusive school. Teachers have been shown to have an important influence on students’ academic achievement and they also play a crucial role in educational attainment because the teacher is ultimately responsible for translating educational objectives into action and principles based on practice during interaction with the students. Motivation is the fuel, necessary to keep the human engine running. It is human motivation that moves the wheels of civilization. It is human motivation that moves the wheels of work in all spheres of life. Surely, it is the motivation of teachers that moves the wheels in educational institutions. There are many factors which plays the role of motivators among teachers. The present article discusses the impact of motivation of teachers on the academic achievement of students with learning disabilities in relation to background variables gender and experience.

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Ainscow, M. (1997). Towards inclusive schooling. British Journal of Special Education, Vol. 24, pg. 3-6 Chatterjee, G. (2003): The movement for inclusive education, India Together. Available on www.indiatogether.org Imasuen Kennedy (2020), Comparative analysis of teachers’ motivation on academic achievement of students in selected private and public schools in Oredo local government area, Edo state, International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education Research, Vol. 6(1), pg. 49-66 Kumar Sanjeev, Khagendra Kumar (2007), Inclusive Education in India, Electronic Journal for Inclusive Education, Vol. 2(2), Available on https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1086&context=ejie

Media can increase knowledge and awareness. Nowadays women are working outside homes. Therefore greater emphasis should be paid towards education of girls and young women ,to increase the economic and social condition of the country .Awareness raising is a process which help to facilitate the exchange the ideas ,improve mutual understanding and develop competencies and skill necessary .For safety of women and girls many laws are implemented by government .Media can serve better by connecting women with their family and other essential requirements . Thus women can live their lives with dignity .

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www.indiaagristat.com www.smilefoundationindia.org www.unwomen.org www.issuesiface.com www.thenowsa.org

Employment and societal status are equated with knowing English. There was a whooping figure of 274% increase in enrolment in English medium schools in India between 2003 and 2011. However the quality of teaching the language is abysmal. Teachers’ proficiency in English and teaching skills are looked at, as major problems in teaching English as a second language in India. Considering the linguistic diversity of the country and issues concerning language proficiency, most of the government of India has made provision for innovative e-resources in regional languages or with bilingual audio recordings. DIKSHA mobile app was launched in 2017. It is a digital platform with resources to teach English as a second language for schools functioning in 14 media of instruction. This paper intends to test the teacher’s understanding of the English textbook and check its impact on their use of DIKSHA app. 80 teachers teaching English in the Hindi belt state of Chhattisgarh in the district of Dhamtari were the sample for the study. The location was chosen based on the linguistic diversity and a mix of tribal, rural and urban population residing here. The teachers’ responses based on their pedagogical awareness and proficiency levels which are prerequisites to understand the textbook showed an interesting impact on their use of the app. Though the app seems to lend support to the most vulnerable teacher audience, it needs to work on its content to better the quality of teaching the language. The study highlights the possibility of literal consumption of information on pedagogy from various sources including the app but without the conceptual knowledge and proficiency needed to deliver the textual matter. However focus group discussions inverted these results to an extent making it evident that the teachers who spoke more of technology had been using other innovative pedagogy in class already. DIKSHA was only additional. Their seating arrangements interestingly threw light on how a compulsion or technological interventions on using DIKSHA in school had created a hierarchy among the teacher community. The more they spoke on the use and knowledge of DIKSHA in the text-book during the discussion, the higher they would be raised in the group present there. Their talk on DIKSHA decided their seating arrangements and their position in the hierarchy that nonetheless got created during the discussion and seems to exist generally also. Thus the understanding of the textbook does impact the teachers’ use of the app but the idea of understanding of the text-book in itself has changed to integrate now the understanding of codes and other directions for the simultaneous use of app. More than the actual use of the app, talking of the app got highlighted here.

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ASER. (2018). Annual Survey of Education Report. New Delhi : ASER. Azim Premji Foundation, F. (2013). Private Schools Are NoPanacea: ?esult of Providing a Choice of Schools to Parents of Children in rural Andhra Pradesh A brief Preliminary report. Bangalore: Azim Premji Foundation. Britannica. (n.d.). Chhattisgarh. Retrieved February 1, 2020, from Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Chhattisgarh DIKSHA CG, C. (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 2020, from DIKSHA CG: https://diksha.gov.in/cg/ India Today, N. (2019, November 19). Retrieved February 6, 2020, from https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/introducing-english-medium-in-govt-schools-for-benefit-of-poor-ap-education-minister-1620481-2019-11-19 India Today, N. (2019, August 28). 51,000 Maharashtra school teachers to be skilled in spoken English, will benefit over 1.5 million govt school students. India Today.

This paper situates Eve at the intersection of different discourses in Paradise Lost – philosophical, political, theological. The paper looks at the historicity of the moment and Eve’s narrative of resistance which is questioning authority in all forms. Keywords: Idea of labor, narratorial interjections, theological context, narrative of resistance

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Mangalam, B. (ed). (2014) Paradise Lost: Book I [The Invocation] & Book IX. Delhi: Worldview. Revard, Stella P. “The Heroic Context of Book IX of “Paradise Lost”, The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. 87, No. 3 (Jul, 1988), pp. 329-341. Zimmerman, Shari A. “Milton’s “Paradise Lost”: Eve’s Struggle for Identity”, American Imago, Vol.38, No.3 (Fall, 1981), pp. 247-267. Dreher, Diane Elizabeth. “Milton’s Warning to Puritans in “Paradise Lost”: Another Look at the Separation Scene”, Christianity and Literature, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Autumn, 1991), pp.27-38. Quilligan, Maureen. Milton’s Spenser: The Politics of Reading. Ithaca, 1983. Hill, Christopher. (2016) The Experience of Defeat: Milton and his Contemporaries. London: Verso. Lovenstein, David. (ed). (2013) John Milton Prose: Major Writings on Liberty, Politics, Religion and Education. UK: Blackwell.

Social science is a discipline that analyzes society and social relationships. This analysis helps imagine an alternate situation or future and gives a say in deciding and shaping society's collective future (Fuller & Lipinska, 2014). In the knowledge?based society, social scientists integrate a plethora of knowledge that roots from diverse intellectuals and a wide range of social institutions. Perhaps that is the reason a social scientist is called a 'Public Intellectual' (Sassower, 2014). The research processes in social sciences differ from that in other disciplines. A literature review is the lifeline of any research, even more so in the social sciences. Composing a literature review is a systematic activity. It requires rhetoric writing which becomes more manageable if it is a well-thought activity. The present article is meant for providing the budding researchers an insight for embarking on writing a literature review, especially in social sciences, so that they thrive onwards. Keywords: Academic Writing, Research Literature, Social Science Research, Dissertation Writing

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Alexander, Johanna Olson (2002). Library applications, In Encyclopaedia of information systems. 55-76, Academic Press, California State University, Bakersfield. Boote, D., & Beile, P. (2005). Scholars before researchers: On the centrality of the dissertation literature review in research preparation. Educational Researcher, 34(6), 3-15. Courage, C. & Baxter, K. (2005) Before you choose an activity: learning about your product and users, In Interactive Technologies, Understanding Your Users, 28-93, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-155860935-8/50032-4 Dasgupta, S. (2020, May). Online tools (RAx software) for reviewing and managing research literature for better research productivity, Talk presented via online mode at School of Education, GNDU, Amritsar in collaboration with RAx Labs Inc & Balani Infotech. Ferretti, R.P., Lewis, W.E. (2019) Knowledge of persuasion and writing goals predict the quality of children's persuasive writing. Reading and Writing, 32, 1411–1430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-018-9918-6 Locke, K., & Golden-Biddle, K. (1997). Constructing opportunities for contribution. Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1023-1062. Nakano, Davi, & Muniz Jr., Jorge. (2018). Writing the literature review for empirical papers. Production, 28, e20170086. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.20170086 Semertzaki, Eva (2011). Special Libraries as Knowledge Management Centres, Chandos Information Professional Series, Chandos Publishing, Oxford. Fuller, S., & Lipinska, V. (2014). The proactionary imperative: A foundation for transhumanism. Springer. Sassower, R. (2014). The price of public intellectuals. Springer.

Social commerce is where efficient marketers make the best use of e-commerce and fuse it with social media. It is commercially called Social commerce but maybe it should be called "Do you want to make some money?" Social commerce is a $95.3 billion market right now. It's projected to grow to $806.4 billion in the next seven years. If you're a business with products to sell, this info probably makes you feel like that dollar-sign-eyes-green-tongue emoji. Curious about how you can get a chunk of that change? We've got you covered.

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Social Troubles: Yes, You Can Succeed At F-Commerce." By Savitz, Eric Fazlyev, Ruslan "Figuring Out F-commerce. (cover story)" by parry & Tim "Explaining the power-law degree distribution in a social commerce network" By Andrew T. Stephen & Olivier Toubia "Deriving Value from Social Commerce Networks" By AndrewT. Stephen "Hope: An individual motive for social commerce" By Snyder, C. R.; Cheavens, Jennifer; Sympson, Susie C. Park, Chung-Hoon & Kim, Young-Gul. (2003). Identifying key factors affecting consumer purchase behavior in an online shopping context. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 31. 16-29. 10.1108/09590550310457

With the publication of first electronic journal 'Electronic Resources' came into existence. It comprises of e-book, E-jourals, e-databases, digital knowledge archives and internet resources. These are mines of information explored through modem ICT devices, stored in cyber space and accessible without boundaries of time space. Steps of managing electronic resources e.g. requirement access, introducing with vendors, acquisition and negotiation of site licensing, updating library website, providing user support training, monitoring usage pattern, cancellation criteria, licensing agreement etc. E-resource management tools and techniques are library website/ portal, library software, OP AC, A-Z services from EBESCO, JCCC, web feat, 360 Resource managers etc. The aforesaid features of E-resources and its prompt and efficient management techniques are significant aspects of the paper. Keywords: E-resources, E-resources tools & techniques, E-resource management

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360 Resource Manager: E-Resource Management Service; (http://www.serialssolutions .com/en/services/360-resource-manager) Alan, Robert (2005). Electronic Resource Management. The Serials Librarian, 47(4) 17-25. Andersen, Ivy (2009). Appendix A: Functional Requirements for Electronic Resourc Management .In Electronic Resource Management: Report of the DLF ERM Initiativi Retrieved from http://www.diglib.org/pubs/dlfl02/dlfermi0408appa.pdf. Chisman, Janet, Matthews, Greg & Brady, Chris (2007). Electronic Resoul Management. The Serials Librarian, 52(3), 297-303. EBSCO A-to-Z (http://www2.ebsco.com/en-us/Prodi Services/a to z/Pages/index.aspx) Electronic Resource Management: Report of the DLF ERM Initiative, (2004). Retrieved from http://www.diglib.org/pubs/dlfl02/dlfermi0408.pdf. Harish Chandra,(2003), E-Resources Management with Specific Reference E-Reference Sources: Initiatives and Issues. In Proceedings of2Ist Annual Conve and Conference of SIS 2003, (pp.190-198). Roorkee: IIT Roorkee. Harvell, Tony A.(2005). Electronic Resources Management Systems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate strategic management practices and their influence on students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in Kathiani Sub-County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives: to determine the influence of vision setting on students’ academic performance and to assess the influence of strategic leadership management on students’ academic performance. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The instruments of research used in this study were questionnaire and interview schedules. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 11 Principals, 76 teachers and 422 students from the 31 Principals, 224 teachers and 1,240 students in the public secondary in Kathiani Sub-county. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. The data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation and presented using tables and charts. Findings show that there was an insignificant relationship between strategic leadership and students’ academic performance (r= 0.230, p-value=0.080) while the correlation between vision setting and students’ academic performance was significant as depicted by (r= 0.662, p-value=0.000)

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Anyieni, A. G., & Areri, D. K. (2016). Assessment of the Factors Influencing the Implementation of Strategic Plans in Secondary Schools in Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(16), 1-8. Chimuka, R. (2016). Effects of the School Strategic Plan on Pupils' Academic Performance in Selected Secondary Schools of Lundazi District, Zambia. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Zambia David, S.&Steven, J. (2014). Vision and its effects on Academic performance in secondary schools students in Mukono District, Uganda. 12th ed.FT Prenitce Hall, P.36-37,40,48. Gakenia, C. (2017). Influence of Strategic Leadership Style on Academic Performance of National Schools in Kenya. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Volume 19, Issue 7. Ver. I (July 2017), PP 09-24 Kariuki, G. (2016). Relationship between Strategic Planning and Performance of Public Secondary Schools in Kangundo Sub-County, Machakos County, Kenya. Journal of Research & Method in Education, Volume 6 (I), PP 99-105 Mombourquette, C. (2017). The Role of Vision in Effective School Leadership. Journal of the Commonwealth Council for Educational Administration & Management, Vol, 45(1), pp. 20-36

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Mathematical Aptitude in real terms cannot be confided to mere computational abilities; rather it is a high ability to think and work abstractly with the mathematical patterns and sort out mathematical relationships. On the other hand General Intelligence which according to Gardner, calls for a critical thinking, logical reasoning and Information Processing seems to play a significant role in determining the Mathematical Aptitude of an individual. Thus the study aimed to find out the Mathematical Aptitude of an individual in relation to his Intellectual Abilities. A sample of 600 students was taken from various educational blocks of Dehradun District (Uttarakhand) by Purposive-multistage-random sampling technique. Eventually, this study reveals that Mathematical Aptitude is an inborn construct not strictly independent and to some extent it is subjected to environmental influences and Intellectual ability of an individual. The findings also ascertain either a high or a moderate positive correlation between IA and MA (along with all its five dimensions). Keywords: Mathematical Aptitude (MA), Intellectual Ability (IA), Secondary level Students

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Das, J.P. (1988) “The essence of Human intelligence”Indian Education Review, Vol. 23(2) 32-46, V Survey, Vol. 2, pp 983 Gehlawat. M. (2011) “Mathematical Aptitude and Intelligence of Class V Students In Relation To Their Demographic Variables” International Referred Research Journal,July,2011,ISSN-0975-3486, RNI: RAJBIL 2009/30097, VOL-II *ISSUE 22Genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genders#Biological_factors_and_views. Guilford , J.P. (1967) “The Nature of Intelligence” Published by: Mc. Graw Hill, New York. J.P. Guilford(1967) “The Nature of Intelligence”, McGraw-Hill, New York , 1967. Rajyaguru, M. S.(1991) “A comparative study of over and underachievers in mathematics” V Survey of Educational Research 1988-92, Vol. 2, New Delhi, N.C.E.R.T,1290. Sumangala, V. (1995) “Some Psychological Variables Discriminating Between High and Low Achievers in Mathematics Experiments in Education”, 23 (10-11) Sixth Survey of Educational Research, 1993- 2000. Vol. II, pp. 165- 175. Updhayay,H. and Ramtek,V (2005) “Impact of Intelligence on Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development”Psycho –lingua (ISSN:0377-3132), 2005,35(1):15-17, Psycho linguistic Association of India. Yadav,(1984) “Research in Mathematics Education A Trend Report”Mohammad Miyan p. 2 http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/Z/9I/0Z9I0G01.html

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NDMA, 2008, ‘National disaster management guidelines: Management of floods’, Delhi, India: National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India. MHA Report, 2013. A note on the recent devastation in Uttarakhand and Government measures to tackle this natural disaster in Uttarakhand. October, 2013 Operation Sahayata - Final Report, 2013. Indian Army Headquarter. Operation Surya Hope- Final Report, 2013. Indian Air Headquarter. Parkash Surya, 2013: Brief Report on Uttarakhand Disaster, submitted to National Institute of Disaster Management, June 2013 National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), 2013. “Uttarakhand Disaster – 2013, Response of ITBP” Sinha, Amit, DIG, Garhwal Division, Uttarakhand, 2013. “Uttarakhand disaster – Coordination and Administrative issues”, presented in the National workshop on "Uttarakhand Disaster 2013: Lessons Learnt", 19 August 2013 Mishra, DK 2008, ‘Trapped between the devil and deep waters: The story of Bihar’s Kosi River. New Delhi, India: Peoples’ Science Institute, Dehradun and South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People Tse-ring, K, Sharma, E, Chettri, N, &Shrestha, A 2010, ‘Climate change vulnerability of mountain ecosystems in the Eastern Himalayas: Climate change impact and vulnerability in the Eastern Himalayas’ – Synthesis report.

TQM is defined as a strategy that essentially aimed to establish and deliver high quality products and services that cover all customers' demands and achieve a high level of customer satisfaction. The objective of this paper is to know about the TQM, its history ,features, elements and importance. Keywords: Total Quality management, organizational performance, high quality products and services, customer satisfaction

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Arumugam V., et al.(2008). TQM Practices and Quality Management Performance- An Investigation of their Relationship Using Data from ISO 9001:2000 Firms in Malaysia. The TQM Magazine. 20 (6) 636-650 Baidoun, S. and Zairi, M. (2003). A Proposed Model of TQM Implementation in the Palestinian Context”. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 14:1193-1211.

The objective of the proposed research was to examine the effect of peer tutoring on intellectually disabled children in number skills. At the primary level, children attended peer tutoring programs and participated in this study, and moreover, single case studies have been used in this proposed research. The present research studies are focused on the effect of peer tutoring on number skills in intellectually disabled children. In this research, the researcher obtained that peer tutoring is a very effective method in developing the number skill for disabled constrained children. This method was found very effective to make understand numerical symbols in easy way to intellectual disabled children, which further greatly effects in the era of education and its achievement for an intellectually disabled children. The effects indicated that peer tutoring can be one step ahead for academic, personal and professional success. Besides, the findings also advise that the impact of peer-tutoring can make both, tutor and tutees more accountable, responsible, self-dependant and can sincerely determine their roles responsibilities for a healthy society. Key words: Peer tutoring, peer tutors, peer tutees, intellectual disability, number skills.

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Abaoud, Abdulrahman A., (2016), Implementation of Peer Tutoring Strategies in Teaching Students with ADHD: Teachers’ Attitudes in Saudi Education, Journal of Education and Practice, Department of Special Education, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.7, No.30 https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1118899.pdf Aija Klavina & Martin E. Block, 2008, The Effect of Peer Tutoring on Interaction Behaviours in Inclusive Physical Education, the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, VA, 25, 132-158,

“An increase in the number of people that reside in a country, state, county, or city is known as Population Growth” (WHO). It is denotes the important characteristics of population composition. Population growth is varies from one region to another. Population size will vary from rural to urban area. Both regions are having difference in the form of their population size, distribution, density and composition. In this present research article has made an attempt to examine the pattern of urban/town population growth in Mysore district from 1961 to 2011.For this research six decades population data were taken for analyze the pattern of urban population growth in the district and also comparison between the taluks. Urban area’s population is more than the rural area. In these six decades trend of urban /town, population was gradually increasing in the district, but it varies from one taluk to another. Rural people are more migrated to urban areas for different purpose such as Education, Job, Health treatments and other reasons. Some less development areas people are migrated towards urban area for hope getting to better standard of living. Pull and push factors are more influenced in the population growth. Key Words: Population Growth, Population size, urban/town population Pull and push factors.

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Afzal, M., 2009. Population Growth and Economic Development in Pakistan, The Open Demography Journal, 2: 1-7. Asad ali khan (2014) “Population Growth and Its Impact on Urban Expansion: A Case Study of Bahawalpur, Pakistan”, Universal Journal of Geoscience 2(8): http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ujg.2014.020801, 229-241 Kempe Ronald Hope (2017) “Urban population growth in the Caribbean”, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248501515, 167-174.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7557800/ https://ijmsweb.com/role-of-mass-media-and-its-impact-on-general-public-during-coronavirus-disease-2019-pandemic-in-north-india-an-online-assessment/#intro

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However, problems and confects arise because of the lack of consciousness and skills to perform and act according to these Human Rights norms. Human Rights Education is important for everyone and it is the safest, surest and cheapest way to a knowledgeable and enlightened society through the medium of teachers. This study was focusing on human rights education attitude of student teacher of teacher education institutes. Researcher developed program for development of Human Rights education attitude which will be helpful for development of attitude of student teacher about Human Rights of pre service teachers.

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Kaur, Amritpal. (2014): Promotion of Human Rights Law and Implementation. New Era Law Publication, Faridabad. Kaur, Amritpal. (2014): Promotion of Human Rights Law and Implementation. New Era Law Publication, Faridabad.

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