An Internationl Peer Reviewed

SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES

Nov-Dec,2019, vol-7/55

Impact Factor: 6.380

ISSN: 2278-8808

Date: 2020-01-01

NOV-DEC 2019, SRJIS

MADHYAMIK STARAVARIL VIDYARTHINICHYA SANSKRUT LEKHANATIL VYAKRANACHYA CHUKA SUDHARNYASATHI UPKRAM RABAVUN TYANCHYA PARINAMKARAKTECHA ABHYAS

Pooam Bhimrao Waghmare

Page No.: 13159 - 13162

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CHALLENGES IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN 21ST CENTURY

Subhash Singh

Page No.: 13163 - 13175

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 India is next only to China and USA in student enrollment in the higher education sector. The higher education system in India has grown in a remarkable way, particularly in the post-independence period, to become one of the largest system of its kind in the world. However, the system has many issues of concern at present, like Issues of Governance, Access and Equity, Professional Ethics and Value Education, Evaluation and Assessment Systems, Sustaining Quality, ICT initiatives, Promoting Research, Convergence, Skill Development, Enhancing Employability, and others. These issues are important for the country, as it is now engaged in the use of higher education as a powerful tool to build a knowledge-based information society of the 21st Century. Recognizing the above and the basic fact, which the Universities have to perform multiple roles, like creating new knowledge, acquiring new capabilities and producing an intelligent human resource pool, through challenging teaching, research and extension activities so as to balance both the need and the demand. Higher education is no longer a luxury. Higher education is essential for any nation for its social and economic development.
Keyword: Issues of Governance, Access and Equity, Professional Ethics and Value Education, Evaluation and Assessment Systems.
 
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1.National Knowledge Commission (2005), Government of India, New Delhi knowledgecommission.gov.in/ 2.National Policy on Education (1986 and1992) MHRD,Government of India,NewDelhi 3.National Policy on Education (1968) MHRD, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA New Delhi . 4.UGC (2003) Higher Education in India: Issues, Concerns and New Directions, University Grants Commission, New Delhi. U.G.C. Report (2011): Higher Education in India Strategies and Schemes during XI Plan, University Grants Commission, New Delhi.
PERCEPTION OF YOUTH OF PITHORAGARH TOWARDS USES OF MOBILE PHONES IN THEIR STUDY AND COMMUNICATION

Rupali Srivastava

Page No.: 13176 - 13180

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 In addition to the personal communication and entertainment activities, young people are  using cell phones as public communication medium to engage and collaborate on social and political issues.youth use mobile phones mainly for communicating with family and friends,use cell phones as personal entertainment devices for listening music, downloading videos and audios, playing mobile games etc..In present study researcher surveyed on youth.YOUTH” in this study refers to the individuals, who are in the age group of 18-25 years. Developmental psychologists define this life stage of individuals as a transitory period between adolescence and adulthood. Arnett suggested that in contemporary western societies, the stage of adolescence is prolonged as most individuals do not fulfill the criteria required to achieve adulthood such as marriage, financial independence and completion of education. Therefore, this period allows young people to prolong their identity explorations, especially in the areas of love, work and worldview. This study was conducted in a phased manner in Pithoragarh from Feb 2019 to Jul 2019.Researcher investigated the adoption and use of new technologies among youth have either used surveys or a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. This study also uses a mixed methods approach using qualitative and quantitative methods.The main purpose of this study was to investigate the usage and perception towards mobile internet among youth in Pithoragarh. The study also examined the role of mobile phone as a social tool. Demographic and socio-economic factors played a vital role in usage of  ICT, both internet and mobile internet. College students, being the most receptive group of any technology always dominate the usage level of mobile phones. Age factor has the potential to heighten the level of exposer towards mobile usage. The adoption and usage pattern of mobile phone clearly varies along the dimension of age. Cellular telephones are useful for maintaining interpersonal relationship. Interview results proved that young adults used mobile phone for various reasons besides communication. They used mobile internet in different ways to fulfil their needs of information and entertainment. Mobile technology has the ability to facilitate communication, improve access to information and help to achieve tasks in a better and quick way. The penetration of mobile internet was high compared to traditional internet through personal computers.
Keywords: Youth, Mobilephone, Communication, Entertainment etc.
 
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Ahmed, Z (2004). Youth drives India’s mobile phone revolution. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3585257.stm Aoki, K and Downes, E. (2003).An analysis of young people’s use of and attitudes towards cell phones. Telematics & Informatics .Bamzai, K. (2007). Cover story: Home and Happy. India Today. Retrieved from http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20070219/cover.html David K. (2007). Cooking, cleaning and charging the cell phone: The impact of cell phone usage on the traditional gender roles of South Asian women. Dupree (Nov. 26,2008). Twitter, retrieved on May 20, 2009 from http://twitter.com/dupree/status/1025231955 Gupta R. (2005, April 25). Mobile gaming in India: A new form of entertainment in a timeless culture. Gamespot. Retrieved from http://www.gamespot.com/news/6122713.html Internet and mobile association of India (2008). Mobile value added services in India. Retrieved from http://www.iamai.in/upload/research/mobilevasinindia_25.pdf Kasesniemi&Rautiainen (2002).Mobile culture of children and teenagers inFinland.InKatz&Aakhus. Perpetual Contact: mobile communication, private talk, public performance. Cambridge University Press. New York, USA Mishra G. (28 Feb, 2009). Shiv Sena’sOrkut campaign: The limits to freedom of expression in an intolrent India. Retrieved from http://www.gauravvonomics.com/blog/shiv-senas-orkut -campaign-the-limits-to-freedom-of-expression-in-an-intolrent-india
AN EVALUATIVE STUDY OF THE D.EL.ED. PROGRAMME IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Sunil Kumar

Page No.: 13181 - 13192

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 This research paper is an attempt to study the two years D.El.Ed. training programme organized under the Directorate of Elementary Education in Himachal Pradesh . The sole responsibility to organize these training programme is of the District Institute of Education and Training in Himachal Pradesh as well as the privately managed colleges of teacher education. The study focused on the evaluation of two year D.El.Ed. programme in terms of need and relevance of the curriculum adapted for the preparation of the elementary teachers in the state. Researcher has also made an attempt to study the instructional methodologies adopted during the classroom interaction. All major components like use of ICT, skill development programme, school experience programme and strategies adopted during the evaluation and assessment of student teachers have been studied by the researcherin the course of the study. The major findings would make understandingof teacher- educators, policy makers and curriculum designer to think about the developmental progress in the teacher education policies.This paper would help the state authorities toreview the present system of preparation of elementary teachers and also empower the teacher educational institutions in state.The quality of education especially at primary level is continuously deteriorating day by day and is the major concern of every state of India. Quality of school education highly depends on quality of teacher education. Also new paradigm shifts in NCF-2005 and as desired in NCFTE-2009, there is a demand of quality teachers especially in elementary education where the role of a teacher is expected as facilitator, an expert of educational technology (ICT) and a leader in all the activities organized in school education.
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This research paper is an attempt to study the two years D.El.Ed. training programme organized under the Directorate of Elementary Education in Himachal Pradesh . The sole responsibility to organize these training programme is of the District Institute of Education and Training in Himachal Pradesh as well as the privately managed colleges of teacher education. The study focused on the evaluation of two year D.El.Ed. programme in terms of need and relevance of the curriculum adapted for the preparation of the elementary teachers in the state. Researcher has also made an attempt to study the instructional methodologies adopted during the classroom interaction. All major components like use of ICT, skill development programme, school experience programme and strategies adopted during the evaluation and assessment of student teachers have been studied by the researcherin the course of the study. The major findings would make understandingof teacher- educators, policy makers and curriculum designer to think about the developmental progress in the teacher education policies.This paper would help the state authorities toreview the present system of preparation of elementary teachers and also empower the teacher educational institutions in state.The quality of education especially at primary level is continuously deteriorating day by day and is the major concern of every state of India. Quality of school education highly depends on quality of teacher education. Also new paradigm shifts in NCF-2005 and as desired in NCFTE-2009, there is a demand of quality teachers especially in elementary education where the role of a teacher is expected as facilitator, an expert of educational technology (ICT) and a leader in all the activities organized in school education.
AN ASSESSMENT OF INCENTIVE RELATED SATISFACTION AMONG ACCREDITED SOCIAL HEALTH ACTIVISTS (ASHA) AND ITS CORRELATION WITH EDUCATION QUALIFICATION IN MAHARASHTRA

Akram Khan

Page No.: 13193 - 13203

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 National Rural Health Mission was launched in April 2005 by GOI. Mission, seeks to provide effective healthcare to rural population, especially the vulnerable sections of the society. One of the core strategies proposed in this mission was to create a village level social activist, designated as ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) for every village and she is expected to create awareness on health and its determinants, mobilize the community towards local health planning and increase utilization of the existing health services. The present study has been conducted to know the educational qualification; average incentive per month; level of satisfaction about incentive; understand correlation among satisfaction about incentive and their qualification. Descriptive research design is used for the study. Primary data for the study is collected from the 280 sample from Nandurbar and Sangli districts. The present paper argues that the educational qualification of ASHAs of the study area is majority of (59.6%) ASHAs have completed their education up to secondary school and (0.4%) found illiterate among the selected sample. Majority of ASHAs (76.1%) getting incentive in the rage of Rs. 1001 to Rs. 3000/- per month and (1.1%) ASHAs are getting incentive more than Rs. 5000/-. Majority (84.3%) ASHAs are not satisfied with the incentive they are getting per month for various jobs they have done. Whereas (15.7%) ASHAs are satisfied about incentives they are getting. In case of reason of dissatisfaction among ASHAs about the incentive they are getting per month for performing various jobs. Majority of (91.1%) are giving reason for dissatisfaction is payment is quite less. Pertaining to satisfaction level according to their qualification. Maximum ASAHs are satisfied among the Secondary school is 11% and total satisfaction among all levels of education is 15.7%. Whereas, maximum 48.6% dissatisfaction is also in the qualification of secondary school is noticed and total dissatisfaction among all levels of education is 84.3%.
 
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HermenOrmel, MaryseKok, Sumit Kane, Rukhsana Ahmed, Kingsley Chikaphupha, Sabina Faiz Rashid, Daniel Gemechu, LilianOtiso, MohsinSidat, Sally Theobald, Miriam Taegtmeyer and Korrie de Koning, “Salaried and voluntary community health workers: Exploring how incentives and expectation gaps influence motivation”, published in Human Resources for Health, 2019, 17:59 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0387-z “Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995–2050”, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, article published online in The Lancet, April 25, 2019; Correspondence to: Dr Joseph L Dieleman, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA 98121, USA, dieleman@uw.eduhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(19)30841-4, pp. 2233-2256) Lawrence O. Gostin, John T. Monahan, Jenny Kaldor, Mary DeBartolo, Eric A. Friedman, Katie Gottschalk, Susan C. Kim, AlaAlwan, Agnes Binagwaho, Gian Luca Burci, Luisa Cabal, Katherine DeLand, Timothy Grant Evans, Eric Goosby, Sara Hossain, Howard Koh, GorikOoms, Mirta Roses Periago, Rodrigo Uprimny, Alicia Ely Yamin, “The legal determinants of health: Harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable
VE?AV??IVAR?ANAM – THE BROTHEL DESCRIBED IN V?MANA BHA??A B??A’S VEMABH?P?LACARITAM

Kalelkar Navita Prabhakar

Page No.: 13204 - 13222

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 The paper throws light on the settlement of the harlots in Triliṅga janapada during 15th century A.D. during the rule of the king Vema of the Reddi dynasty narrated in Vemabhūpālacaritam by Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa. It also depicts the behavioural pattern of harlots, their mothers and the procuresses. 
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(The) Amarako?a of Shri Amara Sinha, (ed.) Shri Manna Lal Abhimanyu, Master Khelarilal & Sons, Benares, 1937. Caturbh??i (??ng?rah??) edited and translated by V. S. Aggarwal and Motichandra, Bombay 1959. (The) Da?akum?racaritam of Da??in, (ed.) Pandit Krishna Shastri, Published by Gangavishnu Shrikrishnadas, Laxmi Venkatesh Steam Press, Bombay, 1931. (The) Har?acarita of Ba?n?abhat?t?a, (comm.) S?ankara, (ed.) Kashinath Pandurang Parab, Tukaram Javaji, Pa?ndurang J?wa?ji Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay, 1987. (The) K?mas?tra of v?tsy?yana, ed. Sr?. Gosvam? Damodar Shastri, Printed. and Published by Jai Krishnadas Haridas Gupta, The Chawkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Vidya Viklas Press, Benares City, 1929.
DIGITAL ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE AND ITS FUTURE SCOPE IN INDIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM

Bishwajit Kumar

Page No.: 13223 - 13228

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 India is a diverse country, and this diversity has helped to maintain our great democratic system. This system is smoothly running through election process. In recent time, information technology has strongly affects various aspects of our life and to a large extent, this includes politics. Now a days in the country electronic voting system is widely used for voting purpose. But it has some technical issues according to political parties. These problems can be solved by the Digital Electronic Voting Machine (DEVM) system. In these regards I am trying to give the concept about digital voting system and its advantage. 
Keywords: Electoral Reform, NOTA, Electronic Voting, Digital voting card system.
 
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G.O. Ofori-Dwumfuo and E paatey “The Design of an Electronic Voting System” Research Journal of Information Technology 3(2):91-98,2011, ISSN:2041-3114 Dr. K Eswara reddy “Electoral Reforms in India-Issues and Recent Reforms” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention”ISSN (Online):2319-7722, ISSN (Print): 2319-7714, Volume 3 Issue 8. Negi Mohita,“ Electoral reforms introduced in Indian electoral system(14 Reforms)” subha Sarkar, ”essay on elections reforms in india” J.paul Gibson. Robert Krimmer.Vanessa Teague. Julia Pomares,” A review of E- voting: the past, present and future”Institut mines – Telecom and Springer- Verla France 2016 Douglas W. Jones,”Kazakhstan: The sailau E- voting system” Taban Habibu. Konde Sharif. Sebwato Nicholas, ”Design and Implementation of Electronic Voting System“ International Journal of Computer & OrganizationTrends (IJCOT)-volume 45 Number 1- August 2017 Sanjay Kumar ,”Reforming Indian Electoral Process” Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.37,No.34 (Aug.24-30,2002),pp.3489-3491 Government of India ,Law Commission of India, Report no. 255 Electoral Reforms ,March 2015 Shafi ‘I Muhammad Abdulhamid and Olawale Adebayo. Damin Oshomah Ugiomoh. Mohammed Danlami Abdul Malik, ” The Design and Development of Real-Time E- Voting System in Nigeria With Emphasis on Security and Result Veracity” I.J. Computer Network and Information Security, 2013, 5, 9-18 Tadayoshi kohno. Adam Stubblefield. Aviel D. Rubin. Dan S. Wallach, ”Analysis of an Electronic Voting System” IEEE Compter Society Press. May 2004. SY Quraishi,” Why India Need to Change its Electoral Voting System “
ENHANCING THE LEARNING OF THEORETICAL CONCEPTS IN ORGANIZATION OF COMMERCE AMONG F.Y.J.C STUDENTS USING JIGSAW STRATEGY

Mugdha Sangelkar

Page No.: 13229 - 13241

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https://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/03/what-is-commerce-meaning-and-importance.html http://www.indiaeducation.net/cbse/class-10/importance-of-commerce-stream.aspx http://www.bdu.ac.in/cde/docs/ebooks/B-Ed/I/TEACHING%20OF%20COMMERCE.pdf https://www.teachhub.com/jigsaw-method-teaching-strategy https://www.cultofpedagogy.com/jigsaw-teaching-strategy/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281315386_The_effect_of_the_jigsaw_technique_on_learning_the_concepts_of_the_principles_and_methods_of_teaching https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume17/2-Using-the-Jigsaw-Method.pdf
INTEGRATION OF ICT IN PEDAGOGY ENHANCING THE SKILL OF PREPARING DIAGRAMS OF BIOLOGY AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Mugdha Sangelkar

Page No.: 13242 - 13252

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www.google.com www.wikipedia.org http://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/kebo102.pdf https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/diversity-in-living-organisms/five-kingdomclassification/ https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-10-lifesciences/biodiversity-and-classification
INTEGRATION OF ICT IN RESEARCH

Mugdha P. Sangelkar

Page No.: 13253 - 13263

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https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1092843.pdf http://www.ascilite.org/conferences/perth97/papers/Reid/Reid.html https://education.seattlepi.com/importance-computer-skills-college-1205.html
HEALTH AND HYGIENE AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS: A SHOVEL ANALYSIS AND ASSESSING KNOWLEDGE THROUGH EXTENSION EDUCATION

Mrs. Musharraf Jahan

Page No.: 13264 - 13269

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 Menstrual hygiene should be a vital part of healthcare among the adolescent girls. Various aspects such as physiology, pathology and psychology of menstruation have been found to associate with health and well-being of women and girls, hence it is an important issue concerting to the female population. During this period, an adolescent girl is regarded most vulnerable for developing any kind of reproductive tract infections, urinary tract infections and various sexual transmitted diseases. Menstrual hygiene deals with special healthcare needs and requirements of adolescent girls during the period. Therefore, increased knowledge about health and hygiene through extension education shoot up safe practices and may assist in mitigating the suffering of large number of adolescent girls.
Keywords: Health, Menstrual Hygiene, Adolescent, Extension Education, Environment
 
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Dasgupta,A, M Sarkar, (2008): “Menstrual Hygiene: How Hygiene is the Adolescent Girl?”, Indian Journal of Community Medicine, Vol 33 (2), 2008, pp. 77-80 Deo, DS, GhattargiCH, (2005) : “Perceptions and Practices regarding menstruation: a comparative study in urban and rural adolescent girls”, Indian Journal of Community Medicine, Vol 33, 2005 Deshpande, Tanvi Nitin et al (2018): “Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Girls- A study from urban slum areas”Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, November-December, 7 (6), pp. 1439-1445 Dudeja P, Sindhu, A, Shankar P, Gadekar (2016): “A Cross sectional study to assess awareness about menstruation in adolescent girls of an urban slum in western Maharashtra”,International Journal of Adolescent Medicine Health. Ghai, OP, Paul VK, Bagga A., (2009): “Essential Pediatrics”, 7the ed. New Delhi, CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. Gultie T, Hailu, D, Workineh Y (2014): “Age of Menarche and Knowldege about menstrual hygiene management among adolescent school girls in Amraha Province, Ethiopia”, Implication to health care workers and school teachers. PlOS, 9, E-108644
PERFORMANCE OF INVESTING, BANKING AND PRACTICES IN INDIA

M. Sambaiah

Page No.: 13270 - 13279

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 Investment banking is an important constituent of the financial market. As financial institutions, banks have an irreplaceable part in the functioning of the world’s economies. Together with fiscal documents and financial markets they constitute the fundaments of the financial system.  
 The financial market is a complicated system of interconnected relations of particular segments of the market, and investment banking is one such part. Its existence makes it possible to shift the savings of financial resources from saving subjects to ones in deficit by means of mediatory activities, which is performed with the help of various kinds of financial instruments, which are called investment instruments. The mediatory function of investment banking is a basic feature which makes a distinction between investment and commercial banking. Investment banks are main mediators that place released resources (savings) into the stock market. As is well known from the inherent laws of economy, the role of investments is crucial for a healthy circulation and functioning of the state economy. Without them the steady economic growth would be impossible. Due to these reasons I decided to analyze investment banking: its development and economic context, as well as the legal basis of these institutions and their activities in Czech system of law. In this diploma thesis I analyze particular aspects of investment banking and at the same time I point attention to regulations that might lead to interpretation problems.  
Keywords: Investment, Capital Markets, Risk.
 
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Fischer Jordan, Security Analysis and Portfolio Management, 6th Edition, Prentice hall, India. VK Bhalla, Investment Management, Sultan Chand publisher. Chandra, Security Analysis and Portfolio Management, Tata McGraw Hill. Frank K Reilly, Keith C Brown, Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management, 7th Edition, Thomson South Western. Shashi K Gupta & RK Sharma, Management Accounting, Kalyan Publishers IM Pandey, Financial Management, Vikas Publishers.
THANE JILHYATIL SHAKIY VA ANUDANIT AASHRAMSHALACHA TAULNIK ABHYAS

Vijay Kove & Vinod Raipure

Page No.: 13270 - 13279

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TEACHER COMPETENCIES AT HIGHER EDUCATION: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Saheb Ali H Niragudi

Page No.: 13280 - 13284

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 Competence is a great creator. It is the ability to do something successfully or efficiently.   Competencies are the basic traits in every field.  In bringing quality education, competency is one of the most influencing factors among others. The present study explores the various factors of competency and reviews of the study taken up on several issues viz., academic teaching competence, professional competence of a teacher, professional competencies for effective teaching-learning, influence on students’ achievement etc. So, the researcher assimilated all the above mentioned issues in the form of review paper. Nearly 10 studies were reviewed and analysed systematically. The main aim of the study is to highlight the factors influencing teacher competencies at higher education. In this regard the researcher tried to analyze the professional competencies of the University teachers they should have. Therefore it is to suggest that improvements should be made from the initial stages only. It is to summarize that the quality of teachers and teaching are the most important factors for student outcomes. 
Keywords: professional competencies, university teachers, institutional practices and effective teaching.
 
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Arora, K, (1978), ?Difference between Effective and Ineffective Teachers?. Ph.D. Education. Jama Mille Islamia, New Delhi Anuradha Joshi &PreetidharParija, (1995), ?Personality co relate of teaching competency?. Journal of education and social change, volume X, No. 3. Indian Institute of Education, Pune 1995. Farah Siddiqui, MohdAkhtar (2001), ?A comparative study of teaching competences of the teachers trained through the formal system of education and those through the distance education system? Appears in collections PF Jamia Millia Islamic Extension Education. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/1159 Jogan Sushma N (2019) – “Higher Education in India: a vision 2030, International Journal of Research, Volume -06, issue 07, June 2019 PP. 365-370 P. Ramesh, D. Thammi Raju, K. M. Reddy, P. Krishnan, Amit Biswas & T. Umamaheshwari (2019) Perception of teaching competencies by administrators, faculty and students of Indian agricultural universities: an assessment of faculty training needs, The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 25:4, 337-359, DOI: 10.1080/1389224X.2019.1609997 Sharma, P. (2009) A study of teaching aptitude in relation to general teaching competency. Profession teaching and academic achievements of B.Ed pupil teachers, Retrieved from www.praveensharma. html.
IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS IN THE CURRICULUM: AN OVERVIEW

Namesh Kumar Kharwal

Page No.: 13285 - 13289

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 Mathematics is primarily taught on account of the mental training, it affords and only secondarily account of the knowledge it imparts. In this way, the study of mathematics helps to develop all the mental abilities of students. It provides all the opportunity to the student to develop their observation power, logical power, memory, concentration, orginality, power of discovery, thinking power, reasoning power, reliance and hard work etc. 
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Barr,A.S.,(1958), Characteristics of Successful Teachers, Phi. Delta Kappa. Ryan, David, G.,(1969), Characteristics of Teachers, Delhi, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Powar,K.B.,(1996), Accreditation in Higher Education, New Delhi, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. Kulshrestha A.K.,(2003), Teaching of Mathematics, Meerut, R. Lall Book Depot.
RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND OF RATNAGIRI, THE HILL OF JEWELS

Rutuparna Mohanty

Page No.: 13290 - 13295

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 Ratnagiri, the Hill of Jewels is one of the famous Buddhist establishments in India. It is situated in Bari block of modern Jajpur district in Odisha. This monastery like Nalanda, Takshashila and Vikramshila Mahavihara of ancient India disseminated spiritual knowledge of Buddist philosophy and culture. This site is regarded as a segment of Diamond Triangle comprised of Ratnagiri, Udayagiri and Lalitgiri of Odisha. Manmohan Chakravartti discovered this site in 1906. Many scholars, historians, Buddhist philosophers and monks visited this site. In 1958 Prof. Devala Mitra started exploring this centre undertaking excavations in three successive phases (1958-1961). From the excavations it is clear that this site was a Mahayana Bhuddhist centre. Lama Taranath states that Buddhapaksha, the last Gupta king built this Mahavihara. Eminent Acharya Pito was a yoga teacher here. In 7th century Hiuen Tsang visited Odra (Wucha). He says that many Mahayana Buddhist centres were there in Odisha and majority people followed this religion. In 8th century Bhaumakara rulers of Odisha patronized Mahayana Buddhism. During their reign this Mahavihara flourished to its zenith. By 9th century Mahayana Buddhism being influenced by Hinduism converted to Tantric Buddhism; Bajrayana. Ratnagiri became the main centre of Bajrayana till 12th century. Due to rapid growth of Vaisnavism under the Ganga rulers of Odisha, Buddhism gradually declined. Suryavanshi king Pratapdeva tried to root out this faith from Odisha. As a result this religion lost its ground and the popularity of Ratnagiri faded.
Keywords: Ratnagiri, Mahavihara, Buddhist Monument, Bari Block, Diamond Triangle, Mahasanghrama, Bajrayana, Tantric Buddhism
 
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B.Sharma., Orissa under the Bhauma Kings., Calcutta, 1934, pp.89-93. R.L.Mitra., The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal, Calcutta, 1882, p.204. N.K.Sahu., Buddhism in Orissa, Utkal University, 1958, p.88. E.I.-XV, 1919-20, p.3. E.I.-XXIX, 1951-1952, p.216. Atisa Dipankara., The Blue Annals, Part-I, Calcutta, 1949, p.243. Lama Taranath., History of Buddhism in India, (Trans), D.Chattopadhyaya, Simla, 1970, p.321. D.Mitra., Buddhist Monuments, Calcutta, 1969, p.126. D.Mitra., Ratnagiri, Vol.I, New Delhi, 1983, p.5. B.Das., The Bhauma Karas and Their Times, New Delhi, 1978, p.147. E.Padhi., “Jajpur Anchalare Keteka Boudha Dharma Pitha”, Itihas Purusa, Jajpur, Jajpur-2011, p.110. K.C.Panigrahi., History of Orissa, Cuttack, 2015, p.50.
A STUDY OF DRINKING WATER IN RURAL HARYANA

Jyoti & Kalu Ram

Page No.: 13296 - 13301

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GautamHarender Raj. 2009. Concerted Efforts Vital to Provide Safe Drinking Water to Rural Areas. Kurukshetra A Journal of Rural Development, 57 (05), pp. 3-6. Government of Haryana.2010-11.Statistical Abstract Haryana 2010-11, Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis. Government of India. 2016. Annual Report 2016-17, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India, Accessed of May 28, 2017 fromhttp://www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/LOCA L_REF_275_1489985804118.pdf Kalkoti, Gopal. 2013. Nature’s Endowment to Mankind. Kurukshetra A Journal of Rural Development, 61 (03), pp. 23-27. Khan, Saanjay. 2009. The right to Access to Water: A Legal Perspective. In Sustainable Water Management Challenges Technologies and SolutionIby SinhaPrabha and Sanjay Rana. New Delhi: Pentagon Press, pp. 279-297 Paramasivan, G., and Sacratees, J. 2013. Water scarcity to worsen.Kurukshetra A Journal of
WHY STUDENTS FAIL IN MATHEMATICS? HOW TO MAKE IT INTERESTING?

Namesh Kumar Kharwal

Page No.: 13302 - 13308

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 Number of innovative ideas and steps we can apply to help the week students in mathematics to deal with anxiety, peer pressure, and self-doubt etc. The student in question will be able to improve his performance gradually with time. Parents can appoint mentors who will be able to give personalized and individualized attention. Proper guidance and regular practice will turn the conditions in the favor of the student. Together you can help your children overcome their fears and make them confident about the subject. The biggest challenge for any teacher is to seek each student’s attention and conveying ideas effectively that create a lasting impression. As a teacher, to tackle this challenge effectively, you should implement innovative ideas that make the classroom experiences much more enjoyable for your students. So here are different innovative ideas that will help you rejuvenate your teaching methods and make your teaching more interesting.
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Aggarwal, S. P. & Aggarwal J. C. (1999). Development of Education India, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. Eboch, S.(1966). The study of change as a concept in education.Vol.5.pp34-38. Wats,R.K.(2009).The changing trends in higher education in India. Ravi, N. (1997). The Hindu Speaks on Education, Parakkat Venus Press, Chennai. Websites www.google.com http://byjus.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/innovation http://en.m.wikipedia.org https://ieeexplore.ieee.org https://www.edsys.in/16-innovative-ideas-make-teaching-methods-effective/ https://www.edsys.in/education-institutions/
STATISTICAL TOOLS IN RESEARCH AND DATA ANALYSIS

Ashwani Kumar

Page No.: 13309 - 13319

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 Statistical methods involved in carrying out a study include planning, designing, collecting data, analysing, drawing meaningful interpretation and reporting of the research findings. The statistical analysis gives meaning to the meaningless numbers, thereby breathing life into a lifeless data. The results and inferences are precise only if proper statistical tests are used. This paper will try to acquaint the reader with the basic research tools that are utilised while conducting various studies. The article covers a brief outline of the variables, an understanding of quantitative and qualitative variables and the measures of central tendency. An idea of the sample size estimation, power analysis and the statistical errors is given. Finally, there is a summary of parametric and non-parametric tests used for data analysis.
Keywords:  statistical tools, degree of dispersion, measures of central tendency, parametric tests and non-parametric tests, variables, variance.
 
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Winters R, Winters A, Amedee RG. Statistics: A brief overview. Ochsner J 2010;10:213-6. Sprent P. Statistics in medical research. Swiss Med Wkly 2003;133:522-9. Kaur SP. Variables in research. Indian J Res Rep Med Sci 2013;4:36-8. Satake EB. Statistical Methods and Reasoning for the Clinical Sciences Evidence-Based Practice. Ist ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing, Inc.; 2015. p. 1-19. Wilder RT, Flick RP, Sprung J, Katusic SK, Barbaresi WJ, Mickelson C, et al. Early exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology 2009;110:796-804. Manikandan S. Measures of central tendency: Median and mode. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2011;2:214-5.
VIDYARTHYANCHE VIVEKNISHTH VICHAR VA SAMAJIK SAMAYOJUN YAMADHIL SAMBANDHACHA ABHYAS

Sonakambale Chetana Pralhad & Deepak Sanjure

Page No.: 13320 - 13326

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PLEA BARGAINING IN INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM

Prativa Panda & Smruti Ranjan Sahoo

Page No.: 13327 - 13334

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 Plea bargaining is a novel concept in India. In modern era of criminal justice system, the vast majority of criminal convictions are produced through bargained pleas. It is the process whereby the accused and the prosecutor in a criminal case work out a mutually satisfactory disposition of the case subject to the court approval. It usually involves the defendant’s pleading guilty to lesser offence as to only one or some of the courts of a multi-count indictment in return for a lighter sentence than that possible for the graver charge. Therefore, plea-bargaining refers to pre-trial negotiations between the defendant through his/her counsel and the prosecution during which the accused agrees to plead guilty in exchange of lesser punishment. In India, position is very different from US. In the US and Europe, plea bargaining is a widely prevalent practice which helps expedite the legal process. Plea bargaining allows the accused to bargain with the court on the sentence that will be awarded. In India, it was introduced by way of an amendment Act of 2005 in Code of Criminal Procedure. This paper has made an attempt to critically evaluate the concept and applicability of plea bargaining in India criminal law as well as judicial attitude towards this concept.  
Keywords - Fundamental rights, speedy disposal, Bargaining, Criminal Law
 
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Justice Pasayat A. Plea Bargaining, 5 Nyaya Deep, National Legal Services Authority, 2007, VIII. Available at (accessed on September 24, 2015. Rai S. Law relating to Plea bargaining, 47 Orient Publishing Company, New Delhi, Allahabad, Ist ed. www.legalserviceindia.com The Injustice of the Plea-Bargain System, The wall street Journal,available at http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-injustice-of-the-pleabargain-system- 1449188034 accessed on12thMarch,2016. Jed S. Rakoff,Why Innocent People Plead Guilty, The New York Review of Books, available at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/11/20/why-innocentpeople-plead-guilty/ accessed on 12th March,2016
THE SARVODAYA SAMAJ AND BEGINNING OF BHOODAN MOVEMENT

Rutuparna Mohanty

Page No.: 13335 - 13340

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 In the Post Independence era there was drastic fall in the economic condition of Indian people due to the moral degradation of the political leaders and misappropriation of public property. The rich became richer and the poor became poorer. The poor people suffered on account of social discrimination and exploitation made by the rich, influential and powerful people. To eradicate this problem of socio- economic disparity Gandhiji convened a conference at Sevagram on 13th March 1948. But unfortunately Gandhiji was assassinated on 31st January 1948. So the conference was presided over by Dr. Rajendra Prasad. In this conference Vinoba Bhave advocated for the formation of an organization named ‘Sarvodaya Samaj’. The Samaj was to be comprised of true Gandhian workers. It was to work for the execution of Gandhian constructive programs for the socio- economic uplift of the Indians. The main aim of the Sarvodaya Samaj was to establish a classless society and to bring communal harmony. The first conference of this Samaj was held at Rau in Madhya Pradesh in 1949. The second conference was organized at Angul in Odisha in 1950. Vinoba Bhave launched the historic Bhoodan Movement in April 1951 at Pochampalli in Nalgonda district of Telangana. Gopabandhu Choudhury and Rama Devi of Odisha joined this movement whole heartedly for the socio- economic well being of the people. 
Keywords: Gandhiji, Sarvodaya Samaj, Sevagram, Vinoba Bhave, Rau Conference, Gram Sevak, Bhoodan Movement
 
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A.Das., Lokbandhu Gopabandhu, Cuttack, 2006. G.Mohanty., Dhulimatira Santha, Cuttack, 1998. N.Deshpandey., Vinoba, (NBT) New Delhi, 2007. Vinoba Bhave., Bhoodan Yajna, Vol-I, Akhila Seva Sangha, Kashi, 1957. The Grama Sevaka, January 1952.
DISTANCE EDUCATION AND ONLINE LEARNING

Kaluram Nathu Bhise

Page No.: 13341 - 13344

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 Keyword: Distance Education, Essence of Distance Education, Online Learning, Advantages of Online Learning.
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Bansal, Arati (2004).Distance Education in 21st Century. Jaipur: Sublime Publications. Behar, Sharad Chandra (2005).Globalizing Education Perceptions and Process. Pune: Indian Institute of Education. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-distance-education-definition-history.html (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education) (https://www.britannica.com/topic/distance-learning
CUSTOMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS 5G NETWORK

Mohmed Ali & Mohd Amzad Pasha

Page No.: 13345 - 13351

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 The unexpectedly growing variety of cellular devices, voluminous records, and better facts fee are pushing to rethink the cutting-edge generation of the cell mobile communication. The next or fifth era (5G) cellular networks are predicted to meet high-cease requirements. The 5G networks are extensively characterized through three particular functions: ubiquitous connectivity, extremely low latency, and very high-pace statistics switch. The 5G networks would offer novel architectures and technology past brand new architectures and technology. The key contribution of this paper is the inclusive and complete analysis of latest developmental endeavours towards 5G. This paper highlights salient capabilities viz. Flexibility, accessibility, cloud primarily based service services, a futuristic cell communication era have to make sure to be a dominant protocol for international verbal exchange.
Keywords: 5G, Cellular network, global communication, high speed data transfer.
 
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Net Source, NEWCOM # Deliverables 23. Three: http://www.Newcomproject.Ecu/snap shots/Delivarables/D23. 3- Second file on devices and their combination at the experimental setups.Pdf Rappaport et al., "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Certainly Work!," IEEE Access, vol. 1,2013, pp. 335-349. Web Resource, 5GIC: http://www.Surrey.Ac.United kingdom/5gic Pekka Pirinen, "A Short Review of 5G Research Activities", IEEE International Conference on 5G for Ubiquitous Connection, 2014, pp. 17-22. Levanen et al., "Radio Interface Design for Ultra-Low Latency Millimeter-Wave Communications in 5G Era", Globecom Workshop - Ultra-Low Latency and also Ultra-High Dependability in Wireless Communications, 2014, pp. 1420- 1426. Domme et al., "5G in Space: PHY-Layer Style for Satellite Communications making use of Non-Orthogonal Multicarrier Transmission", Advanced Satellite Multimedia Solutions Conference and also the thirteenth Signal Processing for Room Communications Workshop (ASMS/SPSC), 2014, pp. 190-196.
EMPIRICAL STUDY ON ADOPTION OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN PRACTICES IN INDIA INDUSTRIES AND ORGANISATION

R. K. Singh

Page No.: 13352 - 13366

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 Companies worldwide are trying to implement green supply chain management  practices  at  various levels of  their  supply  chains.  “The word green is fast catching among companies and success today is being evaluated on this vibrant word green.”  The success of any industry depends largely upon its supply chain management (SCM). Hence Industries/Corporate  have started focusing on greening all the phases of their supply chain (Vijayvargy and Agarwal, 2014).  Min & Galle (2001) found that green supply chains  are lean supply chains with minimal or zero waste.  In recent times, SCM is focusing in two important aspects; one its impact on natural environment and second on the generation of environment performance changes.  This  process  is  triggered  by multiple factors  such as increasing awareness about   environmental  deterioration,  increasing  legislations  and  pressures from the government to comply with regulatory  requirements, etc. GSCM is a good way to balance the environment, profitability and social benefits  (Carter and Narasimhan, 2000; Govindan et al., 2013). GSCM, which has already been mature in some European,  Japanese, Chinese and American countries, is still a new concept in India. The objective of study is to analyse  the current  adoption  level of green practices by  industries in their processes and to assess their impact on organizational  performance  such as environmental,  financial  and operational performance in developing countries.  The research shows that  there is  significant positive relationship between Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM)  practices and  organizational performances which induces the study to develop GSCM  practices model for Indian industry. The research is conducted by a conceptual  model for GSCM practices which includes internal environmental  management,  green designing, green purchasing, customer cooperation for environmental  and investment  recovery. 
Keywords: Green supply chain management, Green Practices, Sustainability, Environmental performance, Green Procurement, Green Manufacturing and Environmental Strategy.
 
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F.E., Bowen, P.D. Cousins, R.C. Lamming, & A.C. Faruk, “The role of supply management capabilities in green supply” Journal of Production and Operations Management, 2001, Vol. 10(2), pp.174-189. C.R. Carter, & J.R. Carter, “Inter-organizational determinants of environmental purchasing: initial evidence from the consumer products industries”, Decision Sciences, 1998, Vol. 29(3), pp. 659-684. M.K. Chien, & L.H. Shih, “An empirical study of the implementation of green supply chain practices in the electrical/electronic industry and their relation to organizational performances”, International Journal Environmental Science Technology, 2007, Vol. 4(3), pp. 383- 394. R. Florida, “Lean and green: The move to environmentally conscious manufacturing”, California Management Review, 1996, Vol. 39(1), pp. 80-105. K. Gavaghan, R. Calahan-Klein, J.P. Olson, & T.E. Pritchett, “The greening of the supply chain”, Supply Chain Management Review, 1999, Vol. 2(2), pp. 76-84. C. Geffen, & S. Rothenberg, “Suppliers and environmental innovation: the automotive paint process”, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 2000, Vol. 20(2), pp. 166-186. R. Lamming, & J. Hampson, “The environment as a supply chain issue” British Journal of Management, 1996, Vol. 7, pp. 45-62. H. Min, & W.P. Galle, “Green purchasing practices of US firms”, International Journal of Production and Operations Management, 2001, Vol. 21(9), pp. 1222-1238. R.P. Mohanty, P. Yadav, & R. Jain, “Implementation of lean manufacturing principles in auto industry”, Vilakshan, XIMB Journal of Management, 2009, Vol. 11, pp. 1-31. A. Shukla, S.G., Deshmukh, & A. Kanda, “Environmentally responsive supply chains: Learning from the Indian auto sector”, Journal of Advances in Management Research, 2009, Vol. 6(2), pp. 154-171.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PLAY-WAY METHOD ON ACHIEVEMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS AT PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Taksha Shambharkar

Page No.: 13367 - 13378

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 Nehru’s words that “English is our major window on the modern world.”The Radhakrishnan University Education Commission observed, “It is a language which is rich in literature-humanistic, scientific and technical. If under sentimental urges we should give up English, We would cut ourselves off from the living stream of ever-growing knowledge. so for acquiring English Knowledge it is very important to develop proper English Language skills. There are four basic skills of learning any language. These basic skills are Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing. For Semi-English Marathi medium primary school, it is first duty of the teacher to create interest of students for developing skills of English Language. In this particular research researcher used play way method for developing different skills in students. It is observed that Play-way methods of teaching is more effective more than the traditional methods of teaching because it brings about children becoming active learners. Traditional method relies mainly on textbooks while the play-way method relies on hands-on materials approach. In traditional method, presentation of materials starts with the parts, then moves on to the whole while in the play-way, presentation of materials starts with the whole, then moves to the parts. Traditional method emphasizes on basis skills while play-way method emphasizes on big ideas. With traditional method of teaching, assessment is seen as a separate activity and occurs through testing while with play-way method of teaching, assessment is seen as an activity integrated with teaching and learning, and occurs through portfolios and observation (Brooks and Brooks, 1999).
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Elizabeth M.E.S and Digumarti Bhaskar,(2007), Methods of Teaching English.Discovery Publications House New Delhi George A(2008), The Grammars of Teaching and Learning, Commonwealth Publishers. Jenkins,M.(2008), With Out Tears,William Collins sons & Co. Ltd.1973 Sharma. R. A.,Teaching of English, 2005Surya Publications. Sharma..R.A.,Fundamentals of teaching English.( 2005)Surya Publications , Meerut. https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills https://www.wallstreetenglish.com/blog/10-ways-improve-english-language-skills/ https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/teaching/esl/eng_skills.cfm
EFFECTIVENESS OF E-LEARNING WITH SMART BOARDS ON ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE

Taksha Shambharkar

Page No.: 13379 - 13388

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 Educational technology plays a very important role in every aspect of education. Technology is very efficient medium of instruction. This particular research focused on the use of smart boards for teaching science at primary level students. In order to observe the effect of impact of E-learning with smart boards on achievements in science on primary school students, researcher used smart board for teaching science to experimental group. It was seen that smart boards are comparatively effective than traditional method of teaching of science.
The researcher has selected this topic as it is the demand of the present situation. As we all know most of the schools have already started using these smart boards. Parents also want their children to be studying in such schools where these kind of latest educational implements are being used. Students also enjoy the new learning experience especially the ones in primary school. But does the use of these implements really have an impact on the overall development of the students especially on their achievements at the primary school level is to be studied. This research will surely help in deciding the latest trends in technology like smart boards be utilized for better learning outcomes in primary level students. 
 
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www.wikipedia.com www.google.c http://www.smarterkids.org/research/paper6.asp http://www.mirandanet.ac.uk/pubs/smartboard.htm http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/whiteboards http://teachers.net/gazette/JAN02/mabell.html http://www.smarterkids.org/research/paper10.asp http://www.smarterkids.org/research/paper3.asp http://www.smarterkids.org/research/paper12.asp http://teachers.net/gazette/JAN02/mabell.html http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm?page=265: http://www.itle.unl.ac.uk/news/archive/0111141.html http://www.atherley.hants.sch.uk/General_Information/Teaching_for_the_Millennium/teaching_for_the_millennium.htm http://www.smarterkids.org/research/paper6.asp#likert. http://www.smarterkids.org/research/paper6.asp https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-smart-board.html
BENEFITS OF HYDRO POWER PROJECTS: SCENARIO IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Hardeep Singh & Sarita Bansal

Page No.: 13389 - 13400

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 Power is one of the most important inputs for economic development. In addition to its widely recognized role as a catalyst to economic activity in different sectors of the economy, the power sector makes a direct and significant contribution to the economy in terms of revenue generation, employment opportunities and enhancing the quality of life. The increasing global demand for energy combined with the ongoing quest for clean, renewable energy has been a topic of perceived interest amongst countries of developed and developing status worldwide. With a population of well over a billion people a fast-growing economy, India electricity demand is expected to double over the next decade. Unlike other sources of energy, hydropower generation provides an abundance of unique benefits which can be those emanating from the generation of electricity itself or from side benefits associated with hydropower reservoirs along with sustainable development.
Keywords: Power, economy , energy, electricity, development
 
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Economic Survey of H.P. 2014-15 Economic Survey of H.P. 2018-19 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a089a840f0b652dd000344/EoD_Consultancy_Report_30Oct2014_Harnessing_Hydropower_India_Case_Study.pdf https://himachalservices.nic.in/economics/pdf/EconSurveyEng2018-19.pdf
SMART MATERIALS: POLYMERS

Bhure Prashant

Page No.: 13401 - 13407

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 Smart materials are those that change one or more of their properties (shape, color, size, etc.) when subjected to an external change in environment. These materials possess adaptive capabilities and perform better than ordinary, dumb materials. They are considered smart because their in-built sensing and actuation capability. Modern products increasingly use them. There are many products on them out of which this paper provides details of ‘polymers’.
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D. Vyas et al, “Smart material interfaces: a new form of physical interaction,”CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, May 2012, pp.1721-1726. Smart materials by M. V. Gandhi & B. D. Thompson. Fundamentals of Smart materials by Mohsin Shahinpoor
BHARTIY RAJYAGHATANA - EK DASTAIVAJ

Vijay Janardan Chavan

Page No.: 13408 - 13411

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EFFECTIVENESS OF ORTON–GILLINGHAM APPROACH TO A STUDENT WITH LEARNING DISABILITY: A CASE STUDY REPORT

Shameem Banu Showkath Hussain & Laurie D. Leason

Page No.: 13412 - 13423

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 Individuals with learning disabilities are those who, despite traditional classroom teaching, have failed to demonstrate mastery in spelling and reading. This case study examined the effectiveness of Orton–Gillingham (OG)-based literacy approach to enhance reading and spelling skills. The participant, a fifth-grade student, presented with significant difficulties in decoding and encoding skills. The preliminary diagnostic tests were conducted to obtain the knowledge of phonics in reading and spelling. These test scores indicated the intensity of reading and spelling difficulty. A single participant, intervened with one-on-one OG approach for 1 year 5 months, supported with multi-sensory instruction. Data were collected through Barnell Loft diagnostic spelling test(Wittenberg, 1980), Gallistel-Ellis test of decoding, encoding skills (Gallistel, 1973) and parental feedback. Results demonstrated that the participant showed a significant increase in reading and spelling scores.
Keywords: Orton–Gillingham, decoding, encoding, multi-sensory. 
 
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Gillingham, A, Stillman, BW. (1997). The Gillingham Manual: Remedial Training for Students With Specific Disability in Reading, Spelling, and Penmanship. 8th Edition. Educators Publishing Service: Cambridge, MA. Roland H. Good III, Kaminski RA. (2011). DIBELS Next® Assessment Manual. Sopris West: TX. Wittenberg, W. (1980). A diagnostic achievement test in spelling. Barnell Loft Ltd.: OH. Gallistel E. Achievement on a test of specific coding skills contrasted with achievement on global tests of reading skills. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1973, 6(1), 1-9.
ICT APPLICATIONS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION CENTRE

Prof. Amol S. Chawande

Page No.: 13424 - 13433

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 In the age of 21st century library changes tremendously, various services are added and changes appear in lots of services provide by library previously due to incorporation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the field of library.  In this paper I discuss about various applications like RFID, Shodhaganga, various softwares and others which are useful to library and information centre.  With the help of these application library provide services to their users effectively and efficient the result of which users can achieve their target. 
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Kanamadi, S. &Kumbhar, B.D., 2007, Impact of Information Technology Innovations on Resources and Services of Management Institute Libraries in Mumbai : A Librarians’ Approach, Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship, 8(1). Singh, D.K., Nazim. 2008 Impact of Information Technology and Role of Libraries in the Age of Information and Knowledge Societies in CALIBER 2008, Allahabad 28-29 March 2008, P. 28-34. Edward, S., Fortune, M., 2008 A Guide to RFID in Libraries,BICe4libraries project, 2008. Brooks, L, Trends in Information Technology, The University of Memphis.
STUDIES ON UTIILIZATION OF WASTE BIOMASS (WBM) FOR THE SEED HEALTH OF CARROT, RADISH AND ONION

Dhekle N.M.

Page No.: 13434 - 13442

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 During the present studies fresh waste biomass (WBM) in the form of roots, stems and leaves of the selected vegetable plants such as as Carrot (Daucus carota), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Onion (Allium cepa), Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum), Palak (Spinacia oleracea), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Bhendi
( Abelmoschus esculentus) was collected. The collected WBM was surface sterilized, washed and dried in shade. The dried biomass was brought in to fine powder with the help of blender. The powder was collected in polythene bags. Aqueous extracts of different percentage of the WBM of the test vegetables were prepared and screened against mycoflora and seed health (seed germination, root length and shoot length) of Carrot (Daucus carota), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Onion (Allium cepa) and the results are recorded.
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Aage, V.E.; S.J., Gaikwad; G.T. Behere and V.S. Tajane (2003): Efficacy of extracts of certain indigenous medicinal plants against Cercospora leaf spot of groundnut. Journal of soil and Crop. 2003. Vol. 13 (1) : P. 140-144. Abdul Hannan, Irum Mukhatar, Tariq Riaz and Salik Nawaz Khan (2005): Effect of plant extracts on black point infection of wheat. Mycopath. 3(1, 2): 53-55.
FIJI ME HINDI PATRAKARITA AUR SHANTIDUT SAMACHAR PATRA

Dharvesh Katheriya, Piyush Pratap Sinh, Pramod Pandey, Avinash Tripathi & Neejar Kumar Sinh

Page No.: 13433 - 13453

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https://www.bharatdarshan.co.nz/magazine/literature/824/hindi-in-fiji-vivekanand-sharma.html https://bharatdiscovery.org/india/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4% https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cU9iDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=%E0%A4%AB% http://morchepar.blogspot.com/2017/10/80.html http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/snibandh/2006/fiji_hindi/fiji_hindi1.htm https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AOgyLMW2UNUC&pg=PA266&lpg=PA266&dq=%E0%A4 https://www.nazar-nazariya.com/2019/06/06/fiji-dvip-par-hindi-ka-alakh-jagate-girmitiya/
SHRILANKETIL BUDDHA DHAMMACHA UDAY : EK ABHYAS

Dhananjay Baburao Lokhande

Page No.: 13454 - 13461

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ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY: A CRITICAL STUDY

Balaji S. Mudholkar

Page No.: 13462 - 13467

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 Liberalization policy has made sea change in the India economy. Indian Government is trying to increase FDI inflows to earn foreign currency. As FDI play very important role in economic development of developing countries. The objective of the study is to analyse FDI inflows in India since 2001 to 2020 also to assess the contribution of different sector in Indian economy. Further researcher will to explore the country wise information of FDI inflows in India. This paper is purely based on secondary data published RBI and department for promotion of industry and internal trade. The findings of this research will indicate the growth trend of FDI inflows.
Key words: Liberalization, FDI, Inflows, Economy, Sector, and Explore 
 
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https://www.fdi.finance/?gclid=CjwKCAiAoOz-BRBdEiwAyuvA6-uNyhsukXdBOLdEP59mZhzxPEBC3NU1bzKruFgRf1Q9Jp8Y3BnIxBoCPVIQAvD_BwE https://www.ibef.org/economy/foreign-direct-investment.aspx https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF071/03497-9781589065680/03497-9781589065680/ch05.xml?language=en&redirect=true https://dipp.gov.in/publications/fdi-statistics http://isec.ac.in/Analysis%20of%20the%20impact%20of%20foreign%20direct%20investment%20on%20the%20Indian%20economy.pdf https://esource.dbs.ie/handle/10788/3948#:~:text=Overall%2C%20the%20research%20study%20concludes,sector%20have%20witnessed%20significant%20growth. https://ideas.repec.org/a/jct/journl/v13y2018i1p44-49.html https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/15736/economics/factors-that-affect-foreign-direct-investment- https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/advantages-foreign-direct-investment Foreign Direct Investment: Impact on Indian Economy, Bhavya Malhotra, Sri Aurobindo College, University Of Delhi, Global Journal of Business Management and Information Technology. ISSN 2278-3679 Volume 4, Number 1 (2014) Impact of foreign direct investment on Indian economy: a sectoral level analysis, dr maathai k. mathiyazhagan, ISAS Working Paper,No. 6 – Date: 17 November 2005 (All rights reserved https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/012914/foreign-investment-routes-fdi-and-fpi.asp http://www.shanlaxjournals.in/eco-v6-n1/an-analytical-study-on-foreign-direct-investment-in-indian-perspective/ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijfe.2389 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0003684042000222043?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=raec20
TEACHING-LEARNING PRACTICES IN GOVERNMENT SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF DISTRICT KULLU IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Yudh Veer

Page No.: 13468 - 13476

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 A teacher has ever lasting impression on the mind of his/her students. His personality, attitude, motivation level, qualification, knowledge of the subject and communication skills lay a powerful impact on the mental, social and educational development of the students. Classroom teaching is one of the factors which affect the learning-outcomes to a great extent. Pre-planned content presentation welded with suitable teaching-learning materials and appropriate teaching method, can convert the learning experience into a joyful activity. The present study an attempt to examine, the teaching-learning practices in the Senior Secondary schools of Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. In this study teaching-learning practices have been divided into three parts i.e., preparation of lesson-plans well in advance, use of appropriate and most suitable teaching-learning materials and using of different methods of teaching by the teachers as per their preferences.  The desired information were collected with the help of unstructured Interview schedule.  Keen observations were made to verify the collected information.  
Keywords: Lesson-planning, Teaching-learning material, Teaching methods.   
 
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Bining and Bining Retrived from http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod Chetty,R.,Friedman, J.N.,&Rockoff,J.E.(2014).Measuring the impacts of teacher II: Teacher Value –added and student outcomes in adulthood. American Economic Review.104 (9), 2633-2679 Mungerker B. (2007). Draft of eleventh Five Year plan. Planning commission, New Dehli. Government of India World Bank, (1997). Development and Practices Primary education in India, Allied Publishers, New Delhi
FREEDOM OF CHOICE AS AN EXISTENTIAL FEATURE

Yogesh R. Patil

Page No.: 13477 - 13482

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Barnes, E. H. Humanistic Existentialism: The Literary Possibility. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1959. Breisach, E. Introduction to Modern Existentialism. New York: Grove Press, 1962. Collins, J. D. The Existentialist: A Critical Study. Chicago: H. Regnery Co., 2000. Dru, Alexander. The Journals of Soren Kierkegaard. oxford University press, 1938. Earnshaw, S. Existentialism: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Continuum International Publication Group, 2006. Frankl, V. E. Man's Search For Meaning. New York: Washington Square Press, 1985. Fromm, E. To Have or To Be? New York: Harper and Row, 1976. Golomb, J. In Search of Authenticity:From Kirkegaard to Camus . London: Routledge Press, 1995. Grierson, B. U-Turn: What if You Woke up One Mrning and Realised you were Living the Wrong Life? New York: Bloomsbury, 2007. H.Maslow, A. The Farther Reaches of human nature. New york: Viking Press, 1971. —. Towards a Psychology of being. Princeton: NJ:van Nostrand, 1968. Harman, G. Heidegger Explained: From Phenomenon to thing . Chicago: Open Court Press, 2007. Harman, S.W. "Hg the work ethicsow Work gains meaning in contractual time: A narrative model for reconstructin." Journal of Business Ethics (2007): 38(1/2), 65-79. Harper, R. The Exestential Experience . Baltimore: John Hopkins university Press, 1972. Heidegger, M. Being and time( J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson, trans. second ed.). oxford : Basil Blackwell, 1967. Hollis, J. Why Good people Do Bad Things: Understanding our Darker Selves. New York: Gotham Books, 2008.
LOKSAHITYAT TATHA LOKSANSKRUTI KA SAMIKSHATMAK ADHYAYAN

Ramesh S. Jagtap

Page No.: 13483 - 13497

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HIND MAHASAGAR BHU RAJNITIK AVASTHITI

Hemant Kumar Pandey & Manoj Kumar Malik

Page No.: 13498 - 13502

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EDUCATIONAL POLICIES AND PRACTICES FOR INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬

Rekha Nariwal

Page No.: 13503 - 13508

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The present conceptual research focused on the study is to discuss the educational policies and practices for Inclusive Education. IE is a new approach towards educating the children with disability and learning difficulties with that of normal ones within the same roof. Inclusive Education (IE) is a new approach towards educating the children with disability and learning difficulties with that of normal ones within the same roof. It brings all students together in one classroom and community, regardless of their strengths or weaknesses in any area, and seeks to maximize the potential of all students. It is one of the most effective ways in which to promote an inclusive and tolerant society. Inclusive education has been defined at various ways that addresses the learning needs of the differently abled children. The efforts of the Government of India over the last five decades have been towards providing comprehensive range of services towards education of children with disabilities. Inclusive Education (IE) begins with the premise that all learners have unique characteristics, interests, abilities and particular learning needs and, further, that learners with special education needs must have equal access to and receive individual accommodation in the general education system. Inclusive education approaches differences and diversity affirmatively, recognizing the value of such differences and the learning opportunities that such diversity offers. Inclusion implies transition from separate, segregated learning environments for persons with disabilities reflected in the “special education” approach, to schooling in the general education system. Effective transitions from special education approaches to inclusive education requires careful planning and structural changes to ensure that learners with disabilities are not placed within the regular or mainstream school system without the appropriate accommodation and supports that ensure an inclusive learning environment. The present paper focused on the study of educational policies and practices for Inclusive Education with prime objectives are (i) To know and understand the concept of Inclusive Education (IE). (ii) To analyses the need and importance of Inclusive Education (IE). (iii) To analyses the educational policies and practices for Inclusive Education (IE). The methodology of the research is a different type involving an interpretative, conversation, observation and study secondary sources, like books, articles, journals, thesis, university news, expert opinion, and websites, etc. Key Words: Educational Policies, Inclusive Education
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Chatterjee, G. (2003). The global movement for inclusive education.Retrieved 11th January, 2016, from http://www.indiatogether.org/2003/apr/edu-inclusive.htm Das, A. K., Kuyini A. B., & Desai I. P. (2013). Inclusive Education in India: Are the Teachers Prepared? International Journal of Special Education.28(1). Giffard-Lindsay, K. (2007). Inclusive Education in India: Interpretation, Implementation and Issues. Sussex: The Consortium for Educational Access, Transitions and Equity (CREATE) Available Online at http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/PTA15.pdf
IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICAL ISSUES ON OUR LIVES

Anshu Jain

Page No.: 13509 - 13513

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MilbrethL. W., 1981, Environmental values and beliefs of general public and leaders in United States, England and Germany. In Environmental policy formation: Impact of values,Ideology and Standards. Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts. Silver C.S., Defries R.S.,1991, “One Earth one Future:Our changing Environment”.National Academy of Sciences. Aff. East-West Press, New Delhi.
CHANDRAKANTA KE UPANYASON ME NARI CHETANA

Shashi Kiran

Page No.: 13514 - 13518

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STUDY OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF ELEVEN METRIC TRAITS CONTRIBUTING TOWARDS YIELD IN PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.)

Bhupendra Kumar

Page No.: 13519 - 13523

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Direct and indirect effects for 11 characters in 32 strain / varieties of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were studied. Path coefficient study revealed the importance of number of pods per plant which contributed maximum direct effect for grain yield followed by number of seeds per pod, 100- grain weight, pod length, harvest index and plant height. The indirect influences through their combination were important .Plant height, 100-grain weight, pod length and harvest index extended positive direct effect on grain yield. Days to maturity, number of primary and secondary branches and days to maturity exhibited negative direct effect on grain yield. Keywords: Pisum sativum (L.), path- analysis, direct and indirect effects
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Roy, A. and K .Das (2000).Studies on genetic variability and path analysis in pea. Indian J. Pulse Res. 13(1):54-55. Dewey, D. R. and Lu, K.H. (1959).A correlation and path coefficient analysis of components of crested wheat grass seed production.Agron.J.51:515-518. Gupta, R.K. and Dahiya, B.S. (1986).Inheritance of pod yield traits in pea. Crop Improv. 13(1):45-48. Gupta, K.R.; Lodhi, G.P. and Tomar, Y.S. (1989).Correlation and path analysis in segregating population of chickpea .Indian J. Agri. Res.23 (3); 121-124.
LEAD (Pb) CONTEMINATION IN LIVING ORGANISMS

Dev Prakash

Page No.: 13524 - 13530

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Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements which are present in varying concentrations in biosphere. They may be found in elemental form and in an array of chemical compounds. Human activities like various industrial processes, mining, foundries, smelters, combustion of fossil fuel and gasoline, and waste incinerators have drastically changed the biochemical cycles and balance of some heavy metals. Due to their non degradable nature, they persist in environment and they have acknowledged a great deal of attention in the direction of their potential health and environmental risks. The properties of selected chelating agent are critical for an effective chelation therapy. Any chelating agent which is being administered in human body should not possess adverse effects. But it has been observed that synthetic chelating agents have severe side effects on human body. It has also been suggested that these synthetic chelators should be used only in cases of acute metal poisoning or as a last choice for intractable chronic poisoning. Natural methods should be exhausted first. The concentration of lead is found to be appreciably high in the collected samples as is evident from the above tables and also can be seen in following graphs. In many of the samples, concentration of Pb has been observed above permissible limit. It may be ascribed due to a constant raise in the level of pollution in the atmosphere. The major sources of lead contamination are automobiles and industrial untreated wastewater. Besides it, young children may also get exposed by lead containing toys. Keywords: The steps proposed for present work are as follows: 1- To collect blood samples of some volunteers from different areas of Hathras U. P. who were either directly or indirectly exposed to heavy metals. 2- To categorize the volunteers into gender and age. 3- To digest the collected blood samples by using concentrated nitric acid 4- To analyze the presence of toxic heavy metal, lead in digested blood samples qualitatively. 5- To determine concentration of the heavy metal in the digested blood samples quantitatively employing atomic absorption spectroscopy.
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Prabhu P. N. ?Heavy metal stress in plants: a review, (2006) International Journal of Advance Research. J. S. Sinha ?Heavy metals?, Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 74(2007).
TREATMENT OF CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS FROM EFFLUENTS OF TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

Snoj Kumar

Page No.: 13531 - 13535

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The problem of pollution from effluents of textile industry is of great concern to community because such water contains contaminants like dissolved solids, toxic compounds, color etc. The removal of these toxic constituents from textile effluents by conventional methods of wastewater treatment is quite difficult. Textile industry effluents are a major source of water pollution because dyes, detergents and other contaminants present in the wastewater undergo chemical as well as biological changes, consume dissolved oxygen, destroy aquatic life and pose a threat to human health as many of these contaminants are highly toxic in nature. Adsorption has been found to be an efficient and economical process for the removal of pollutants such as dyes, color etc. from wastewater. Several workers have studied the removal of dyes and color from wastewater using various adsorbents. Charcoal is a very effective adsorbent due to its porous nature and large surface area. It is effective in the removal of a wide variety of contaminants as well as taste, color and odor from water. Keywords: Chemical Pollutants, Effluents, COD, BOD.
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References Bhatt N.M., Shah A.R. and Patel N.A., Proc. Silver jubilee National Seminar on Advanced Technology For Water and Waste Treatment, SVRCET(1999). Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reuse, Second edition, Tata-McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. (1990).
BEST PRACTICES FOR THE COLLEGE LIBRARIES: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GOVT. FIRST GRADE COLLEGE LIBRARY, SHIRALAKOPPA: A STUDY

Vishwanatha G

Page No.: 13536 - 13540

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This article is focus on the Best practices for the college libraries: with special reference to Govt.First Grade college library, Shiralakoppa. Now a day's libraries are repositories of the knowledge and form and integral part of educational system. Library and information services play very important role in every academic aspect. In order to bridge gap between library and users for effective and maximum utilization of the library resources, best practices have to be adapted an attempt has been made to highlight the best practices adapted in the library and information centre. Keywords: Best Practices, college library, Information source & services
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Best practice. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_practices Kulkarni, S.A. Best Practices in College Libraries. National Seminar on Library and Information Services in Changing Era, 22-23 January 2009. p.273-281. Trophy, Peter. The Library in the Twenty-First Century: New Services for the Information Age. London, Facet, 2001. Jotwani, D. (2008). Best Practices in a Modern Library and Information Center - The Case of Central Library, IIT Bombay. 6th International CALIBER 2008. Allahabad: University of Allahaad.
INNOVATIVE TRENDS IN TEACHER EDUCATION IN INDIA: A CONCEPTUAL STUDY

Sabita Nayak

Page No.: 13541 - 13548

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The present conceptual paper explores the innovative trends in Teacher Education in India. A quality teacher education program is rational and streamlined to address specific pedagogical issues. It elucidates the ideas about what constitutes good teaching and the content and scope of course work and practical experiences. Teacher education courses are very much connected to practices as well as theory. High quality teacher training programs have students studying to be teachers (preservice teachers) and working continuously with expert master teachers. Teacher education programs focus to build teacher proficiency and competence; candidates are able to face new challenges in educating students. In today’s world, after the CORONA pandemic demands on teachers are increasing enormously. They must be able to create understanding with investigative minds; assimilating the required transformation and accommodating and responding to universal needs. The purpose of this paper is discussed significant changes that have incurred in teacher education in India and also to provide how these national trends relate to global trends, reforms and innovations in teacher education. The need for teacher education programs to be innovative and encompass various approaches and practices is also discussed. It is recognized that teacher education programs should be structured and modified so that teacher candidates learn to respond dynamically to new problems and challenges in the field of education. With this knowledge and skills, future teachers can lead and guide the development of the country. This paper also focused on the innovative trends in Teacher Education in India with prime objectives: (i) To understand the innovative trends of Techer Education in India. (ii) To analyze the role of Educational Research with relation to Teacher Education. (iii) To discuss the Improving Critical Thinking Skills among Teachers. Key Words: Innovative Trends, Teacher Education
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Best, J. W., & Khan, J.V. (2012). Research in Education (10th ed.). New Delhi; PHI Learning Private LTD. Cochran-Smith, M. (2000). Editorial: The question that drives reform. Journal of Teacher Education, 51(5):331 Cochran-Smith, M., Fries, M.K. (2001). Stick, Stones and Ideology: The discourse of reform in teacher education. Educational Researcher, 30(8):15.
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION

Kishwar Badakhshan

Page No.: 13549 - 13556

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Human rights reflect basic human needs. It establishes the basic standards without which people cannot live in dignity. Human rights are about equality, dignity, respect, freedom and justice. Human rights are held by all persons equally, universally and forever. They are universal, that is, they are the same for all human beings in every country. They are inalienable, indivisible and interdependent, that is, they cannot be taken away – ever; all rights are equally important and they are complementary, for instance the right to participate in government and in free elections depends on freedom of speech. The aim of human rights education is to create a world with a culture of human rights. This is a culture where everyone's rights are respected and rights themselves are respected; a culture where people understand their rights and responsibilities, recognise human rights violations and take action to protect the rights of others. This conceptual paper explores on ways of ensuing human rights education in the classrooms. Keywords: education, human rights education, primary learners
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Osler, Audrey, and Hugh Starkey. Teachers and Human Rights Education. Trentham Books Ltd. Westview House 734 London Road, Oakhill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 5NP, UK, 2010. Tibbitts, Felisa, and William R. Fernekes. "Human rights education." Teaching and studying social issues: Major programs and approaches (2011): 87-118. Flowers, Nancy. The Human Rights Education Handbook: Effective Practices for Learning, Action, and Change. Human Rights Education Series, Topic Book. Human Rights Resource Center, University of Minnesota, 229 19th Avenue South, Room 439, Minneapolis, MN 55455, 2000. Reardon, Betty. Educating for human dignity: Learning about rights and responsibilities. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.
MULY SHIKSHNACHI MULY NISHCHITIKARAN PRKRIYA

M. K. Patil

Page No.: 13549 - 13556

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MARXISM – SOCIAL IDEOLOGY AND ITS RETHINKING

Sangram Gunjal

Page No.: 13557 - 13567

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Marxism is a system of thought and philosophy propounded by the eminent revolutionary philosopher Karl Marx (1818-1883) and his friend and last-minute colleague Friedrich Engels. Marxism is the foundation of classical socialism. Socialism was prevalent even before Marx. The Industrial Revolution took place and with the rising industry the condition of the workers and the general public became more and more deplorable. That is when socialism emerged and spread in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century. That argument was strongly praised by many eminent scholars and social activists in England and France. Prominent among those thinkers were Robert Owez, Charles Fourier, Pruden, St. Simon, and others. Authors such as Carlyle, Dickens, and Ruskin also supported the idea. The founders of this socialism only painted a grand picture of the socialist society. He did not show the scientific way to bring it into existence. Hence they are called utopian. Thomas More painted a picture of an ideal society in his book Utopia in the 16th century, from which the term came to be. Keywords: Marxist, Communist Manifesto, sentimentalism, Marxist assessment, Marxist assessment
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Seliger, Martin, the Marxist Conception of Ideology: a Critical Essay, Cambridge, 1979. Strachey, John. The Nature of Capitalist Crisis, Toronto, 1935. Hook, Sidney, From Hegel to Marx: Studies in the Intellectual Development of Karl Marx, London, 1950. Horowitz, David, Ed. Marx and Modern Economics, New York, 1968, Lefebvre, Henry, the Sociology of Marx, England, 1968. Marx, Karl, Contribution to the Critlque of Political Economy, London, 1959. 16. Marx, Karl, Poverty of Philosophy, New York, 1963. Chamber, Henri, From Karl Marx to Mao-Tse Tung: a Systematic Survey of Maxism-Leninism, Chicago, 1963. Cole, G. D. H. The Meaning of Marxism, Now York, 1964. Parkin, Frank, Marxism and Class Theory, London, 1979.