An Internationl Peer Reviewed

SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES

Sep-Oct,2019, vol-7/53

Impact Factor: 6.38

ISSN: 2278-8808

Date: 2019-11-01

SEPT-OCT 2019, SRJIS

EFFECT OF FINANCIAL LEVERAGE ON PROFITABILITY OF LISTED MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN KENYA

Kakiya Elizabeth Idagitsa & Fredrick Kalui

Page No.: 12942 - 12960

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 Business employ a number of strategies to improve financial profitability, including streamlining processes, outsourcing and integrating new technologies. The study sought to determine the relationship between financial leverage and  profitability of listed manufacturing firms in Kenya. More specifically the study examined the relationship between short term debt, long term debt and debt equity,  on profitability of listed manufacturing firms in Kenya. Theories that guided the study include; Market Power Theory and Pecking Order Theory. The target population of the study was ten manufacturing firms quoted in Nairobi Stock Exchange. Secondary data for all the ten (10) listed Manufacturing firms was collected using a data collection sheet for a period of six years between 2012-2016. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Descriptive analysis involved means, standard deviations, trend analysis, maximum and minimum across all variables. Inferential statistics included; Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to show the relationship between variables while multiple regression analyses was used to test the magnitude of the relationship and also test formulated hypotheses.  The study revealed a negative relationship of short term debt (-0.362) and debt to equity ratio (-0.062) on profitability of listed manufacturing firms. On the other hand long term debt (0.349) positively and significantly affected listed manufacturing firms.  . The study findings assists the capital market regulator that is Capital Market Athority (CMA) and other policy makers in formulating appropriate mechanisms necessary to continuously monitor and evaluate the financing aspect of corporations. The study further contributes to the existing body of literature, and form a reference point for future scholars researching in this area The study recommend that debt to equity should be reduced by the manufacturing firms since it largely affects the earning before tax and manufacturing firms should consider where possible, using their internally generated funds to finance their projects and only go for debt financing when they have fully exhausted their internal funds.
Keywords: Financial Leverage, Profitability, Manufacturing Firms
 
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Amenyi J. (2015). The Relationship Between Capital Structure and Financial Performance of Firms Listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 33(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.04.023 Aziidah N. (2017). The Effect of Financial Leverage on Performance of Kenya Energy and Petroleum Firms Listed on thr NSE. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Science, 3(2). Butsili. A. and Miroga. J. (2018). Influence of Financial Leverage on Profitability of Micro Finance Banks in Kakamega County, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), 9(5), 24–30. Chen, L., & Management, O. (2010). How the Pecking-Order Theory Explain Capital Structure. International Journal of Business Management, 1. E?ed Rebeki?, A., Lon?ari?, Z., Petrovic, S., & Mari?, S. (2015). Pearson’s or Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient - Which one to use? In Poljoprivreda (Vol. 21). https://doi.org/10.18047/poljo.21.2.8 Exchange, L. S. (2014). Nairobi Securities Exchange Ltd - Annual Report & Financial Statements | 2014.
COMPOSTING AS A SUSTAINABLE WASTE REDUCTION STRATEGY IN THE CITIES OF JOHANNESBURG AND LAGOS

O. E. Taiwo

Page No.: 12961 - 12976

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 Solid waste management challenges facing the cities of Johannesburg and Lagos are real; where residents hardly bother about issues pertaining to environmental care. As landfills reach their capacity, composting has become an increasingly viable means of organic waste management. The paper identified  environmental and economic benefits of composting.
Through the review of quantitative data, the composition of municipal solid waste arising from the two cities was obtained in order to ascertain the potential for composting organic waste fraction of the waste stream. The data showed that the organic fraction of the waste stream of Johannesburg and Lagos are 38% and 50% respectively.
The aim of this paper is to examine composting as a sustainable waste reduction strategy in two developing cities in Africa namely, the cities of Johannesburg (South Africa) and Lagos (Nigeria) which have similar solid waste management problems. Recommendations were also made on the sustainability of composting in both cities.
Keywords: Composting, Sustainable, Waste reduction, City of Johannesburg, City of Lagos    
 
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Aurecon South Africa (Pty) Ltd (2015). Waste Characterisation Study for City of Johannesburg. August: 1 – 88. Ball, J. & Associates (2001). A Waste Stream Analysis of the General Waste Stream: Current Waste Management in the City of Johannesburg. Danced Environmental Capacity Building Project, Report 1A. Johannesburg. December: 1 – 30. Bernard, E. No Date. Volume Reduction & Composting: Processes and Equipment. Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd. British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries (BCMAF). (1996). Order No. 382.500-5. Agdex: 537/727. September: 1 – 6. City of Johannesburg. (2018). 2017/2018 Integrated Development Plan (IDP) Review. City of Johannesburg.
AN EVALUATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING SHARE PRICE BEHAVIOUR OF COMMERCIAL BANKS LISTED IN THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE

Fancy Chepngetich Chepkwony & Fredrick M.Kalui

Page No.: 12978 - 12997

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The factors affecting the price of an equity share can be viewed from the macro and micro economic perspectives. These factors will affect the demand and supply of a stock in the market which in turn will affect the price of the stock. The purpose of the study was to evaluate selected factors influencing share price behavior of commercial banks listed in the NSE. The factors to be evaluated were dividend per share, financial leverage, book value per share and interest rates. The study utilized published financial statements of the listed commercial banks, the average lending rates charged by the banks to its customers as a measure of interest rates, and the daily share prices of the commercial banks. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used by the researcher to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of data and the results obtained was presented using tables for easy interpretation. The study used correlational and longitudinal research design. Significance of each independent variable and the hypothesis was tested using t-test statistic. The p-value for each t-test was used to make conclusions on whether to not reject or reject the null hypotheses. The benchmark for this study to reject or to accept the null hypothesis was a level of significance of 5 percent. The correlation results indicated that dividend per share had a strong positive correlation while book value per share and financial leverage had a weak positive correlation on market price per share of commercial banks. The regression analysis and test of hypothesis showed that dividend per share and book value per share had a significant effect while financial leverage had no significant effect on the market price per share of commercial banks. This study will be useful to the investors, the decision makers of commercial banks, the CMA and NSE Policy makers, the government and the scholars. The researcher recommends that further research can be extended to cover longer time periods, more firms and more macroeconomic variables. 
Key wards: Share Price Behavior, dividend per share, interest rates, leverage
 
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Abugri, B. (2008). Empirical relationship between macroeconomic volatility and stock returns: Evidence from Latin American markets?, International Review of Financial Analysis, Vol.17, Issue 2,pp.396. Aduda, J., and Chemarum, C. (2010). “Market Reaction to Stocks Splits: Empirical Evidence from the Nairobi Stock Exchange” African Journal of Business & Management (AJBUMA), vol. 1, pp. 165-184. .AL- Shubiri, F. (2010) Analysis the Determinants of Market Stock Price Movements: An Empirical Study of Jordanian Commercial Banks, International Journal of Business & Management. Dimitrov, V., Jain, P.C., (2008). The value-relevance of changes in financial leverage beyond growth in assets and GAAP earnings. Journal of Accounting, Auditing, and Finance, 191-222.
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE ENERGY USE IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING OF WEST–MAHARASHTRA REGION

Vijay B.Sambrekar & Suresh V. Ranade

Page No.: 12998 - 13014

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 In India, traditional values as well as the timeless way of building compact residential environments is now threatened by new and foreign influences .These influences are incompatible with the climate of the country and traditional culture of its people. In the context of the worldwide concern for global warming and a need for reduced carbon emissions, increased energy efficiency, reduced waste and need for alternative sources of energy, this paper reviews passive design strategies that were used in the traditional buildings across India and assess their potential in modern design. This study offers a classification of vernacular environmental design traditions based on West Maharashtra climatic regions and a detailed study of thermal comfort in traditional and modern dwellings using environmental performance modeling. The results show that traditional passive techniques provide a high degree of comfort for a longer part of the day while potentially minimizing energy use. Some problems were identified specifically in West Maharashtra region in adopting the passive strategies to the present context. For example, there are limitations in the use of traditional building materials, such as earth, but suitable alternatives with similar properties can be readily adapted to the same effect. Sustainability in Indian settlements is static and is based on the living practices. India has got diversified climatic, topological and vast socio conditions due to which each region has its own unique identity with climate base responsive building designs and its knowledge in the form of vernacular architecture. This traditional wisdom of building human habitats is known to be tested by time for its sustainability in various settlements. This paper talks about West Maharashtra settlement , achieving sustainability through planning, orientation, materials and architectural practices evolved from long time due to socio, economic and environmental factors. Factors results in two levels i.e. macro and micro level. Macro level broadly focuses on planning & architecture aspects .Micro level describes art, architectural details and socio practice affecting built habitat. Trained designers of modern era have mostly ignored it .The study of passive design traditional strategies  with local vernacular architecture and lessons about climate responsive planning, techniques can be helpful to generate an approach towards energy reduce and climate responsive building design in West Maharashtra corridor.
Keywords:  Passive Design, sustainable Architecture ,tropical, vernacular, thermal comfort, Climate responsive design.
 
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Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA. Updated World Map of the Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Cooper I, Dawson B. Traditional Buildings of India. Thames and Hudson, London, 1998. Mathur VK, Chand I. Climatic design for energy efficiency in buildings. IE Journal 2003;84:33–9. Schoenauer N. 6000 Years of Housing. W.W. Norton, New York, 2000 Alexander DK, Lannon S. HTB2 Release 2.01a, Software and Documentation. Welsh School of Architecture, UWCC, 1996, pp. Alexander DK. HTB2 Release 2.00. BEPAC Conference on Advanced Simulation Models, BEPAC, Leicester, 1996. Sharma MR, Ali S. Tropical Summer Index: a study of thermal comfort in Indian subjects. Building Environment Azami, A., "Badgir in traditional Iranian architecture". 5th international conference on Passive and Low Energy Cooling for the Built Environment, Santorini, Greece, 2005 Hajighasemi, K. 1999. Houses of Kashan. Shahid Beheshti University Press, Tehran: Iran.
A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF LITERACY AND SEX-RATIO OF TRIBAL POPULATION IN AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT

Navnath Laxman Wayal

Page No.: 13015 - 13021

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 Literacy and sex ratio both are important parameters for the study of demographic, socio-cultural and economic status of any region. Literacy is a sensitive indicator of the cultural advancement of an area. It develops the personality and rationality of individuals, qualifies them to fulfill certain economic, political and cultural functions and, thereby, plays an active part in the socio-economic transformation of society. The sex composition is also an important demographic component of human development. It is the basic biological attributes of any demographic group. It can be expressed either in the form of a proportion of a particular sex in the population or as a ratio between the population of two sexes. The sex ratio represents the most radially recognizable components of the population. It is in advance and rising objective consequence with a growing emphasis on the regional planning and regional approach to the population policy. Information about the pattern of sex ratio helps to enlighten the employment and consumption pattern, social requirement of the peoples and perhaps the psychological characteristics of a society. Besides, the ratio can reflect the social, economic, biological and migration characteristics of the population. According to a census of India, the general literacy rate in Maharashtra state and Ahmednagar District was 82.34 and 79.05 percent respectively in 2011.  About 50.15 percent of the tribal population of Ahmednagar district recorded as literate in 2001, which have experienced an upward trend up to 56.18 percent in 2011. While the sex ratio of the tribal population is declining from 977 (2001) to 971 (2011) in the district. There is a wide variation in the spatial pattern of literacy and sex ratio in the district. In the present study, literacy and sex ratio are taken under consideration and further relation between literacy and sex ratio has to find out by applying Spearman’s Rank Correlation method. 
Keywords: Literacy, Sex ratio, Demographic study, Scheduled Tribe. 
 
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Basu S (1994): “Health Problems and Health Care of The Tribal Population of India” Tribal economy health and wasteland development, Edited by Neeta Mahanti New Delhi. Census of India (2011) District Census Handbook of Ahmednagar 2011. Chandana R.(2001): “Geography of Population” Kalyani Publication, pp333. Gare G. (2012): “Tribes in Maharashtra” Continental Publication pp.18. Govt. of Maharashtra (2011) Statically Abstract of Ahmednagar District.
EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSTRUCTIVE CLASSROOM TEACHING PROGRAM FOR PRIMARY LEVEL STUDENTS

Kailas Sahebrao Daundkar

Page No.: 13022 - 13027

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 Our universe is so beautiful with different culture, children is one of part beauty so experiencing such beauty constructive learning is useful to understood the various concepts of science subject easily. An attempt is being made to find the effectiveness of constructive classroom teaching program for General Science subject of 8th standard student. The objective of the research to develop constructive classroom teaching program and find its effectiveness. Multi-method research was adopted, by using survey method, researcher identifies the difficult units and teaching method use by the teachers with help of Questionnaire to General Science subject teachers. Researcher developed constructive classroom teaching program for General Science subject of 8th standard student. Researcher also used Experimental Method and General Science Achievement test as a data collection tool.so researcher developed constructive classroom teaching program is useful as a teaching method to learn the concepts of general Science of students very easily.
Keywords: Constructive classroom teaching.
 
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Best J. W., & Kahn J. V. (2012). Research in Education (10th ed.). New Delhi; PHI Learning Private LTD. Bruce J., Marsha W., & Emily C. (2011). Models of Teaching (8th ed.). New Delhi; PHI Learning Private ltd. Chellamani, K., & Nair, S. (June 2012). Integration of Constructivism with digital Port folio, Edutracks, vol.12, No. 1. Khan, S. H. (Sep 2014). Constructivism: An innovative teaching Method in Science, Edutracks, vol.14, No. 12. Mangal, S.K., & Mangal U. (2010). Learner, Learning and Cognition, Ludhiyana; Tondon publication. Nanda, V.K. (1998). Modern Techniques of Teaching, vol. 4, New Delhi; Anmol Publication Private Ltd. Naorem, J. (June 2013). Growth And Genesis of Constructivism: Constructivist And Their Contribution, Edutracks,vol.12, No. 4. Sharma S. (Eds) Constructivist Approches to teaching learning handbook for teachers of secondary stage, New Delhi; NCERT. Selvam, P. (2014). Teaching- Learning Paradigmas, New Delhi; Random publication. Vygotsky, L. (1999). Eucational Psychology, New Delhi; st. Lucie Press. Wendy, B., & Stephen, B. (2008). 100 Ideas for teaching Creative Development, London; M.P.G. Books Ltd.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF JOYFUL LEARNING BY PLAY-WAY METHOD IN THE CLASSROOM

Mahima Mishra

Page No.: 13028 - 13031

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 The root of Play-way method of joyful learning, when children enjoy several activities merged with happiness, curiosity and satisfaction. This idiom was first introduced by H. Caldwell Cook. A German educator, Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel, is well known as the father of Kindergarten concept. The concept of play-way learning is used by him in his integration school and turn out to be very popular
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http://www.joyfullearningnetwork.com/what-is-joyful-learning.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/learning-by-doing http://www.howtolearn.com/2014/11/how-to-create-joyful-learning-in-the-classroom/ Fisher, B. (1998). Joyful learning in kindergarten. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Bhati, Nisha B, (2016). A study of effectiveness of co operative learning method for teaching English for the students of secondary school. (Gujarat University).
SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR OF CONSUMRS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE PERECPTION OF ONLION AND OFFLION SHOPPERS IN EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT OF ANDHRAPRADESH

Ammi Reddy Mallidi & Prof. M .Sarada Devi

Page No.: 13032 - 13041

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WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN INDIA

Ms. Musharraf Jahan

Page No.: 13042 - 13048

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 The Vocational education and training are essential mechanism of any strategy to improve the condition of women. Skill is the bridge between job and workforce. Women often have different training needs than men, since they are more likely to work as contributing family workers, subsistence farmers, home based micro entrepreneurs, or low paid seasonal labourers, in addition to handling their domestic work and care responsibilities.  Skills development is a key to improving household productivity, employability and income earning opportunities for women and also for enhancing sustainable rural development and livelihoods. Skill development is important because of its contribution to enhance productivity at the individual, industry and also national levels because of the complementaritiesthat exist between physical capital and human capital on the one hand and between technology and human capital on the other. This research paper deals with skill development for empowering women through analyzing the several governments’ schemes such as vocational training through PM KausalVikasYojna, National Skills Development Programmes and number of initiatives in the field of skill development and employment concerning women empowerment.  
Keywords: Women, Empowerment, Skill, Development
 
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Annual Report of Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship, Government of India, Progressing Towards An Empowered India, 2017-18 Anuradha R. Vijayaetc (20130, Empowerment of Rural Women Through Vocational education and Training, Conflux Journal of Education, ISSN 2320-9305 Vol.1, Issue,2, July 2013 Basu, Chandra, Agnes (2003), Women and Law in India, Oxford University Press, India Chorine, Christine, Mihir Desai, Colin Gonsalves (1999).Women and Law, vol. I & II, Socio- legal Information Centre, Bombay Combat Law (2003).The Human Rights Magazine, Special number on Violence against Women, September-October Daphne, Jayasinghe (2014), Gender and Development, Oxfam, London Deida David (2017), The Way of the Superior Man: A spiritual Guide to Mastering the Challenges of Women, Work, and Sexual Desire (20th Anniversary Edition), Sounds True, Reprint Edition, 2017 Dhruba, H, (2011), Women Empowerment in India: A brief Discussion, International Journal of Educational Planning & Administration, Research India Publictions 1 (3), pp. 199-202. Gopinath, T, Sindhu K.K. (2019), Wellness, Skill Development and Women Empowerment,Shipra Publications, New Delhi Khan, N.A. (2012), Women Empowerment: Problems and Prospects, VL Media Solution, New Delhi Nair, Meera (2003). The Seamier Side of Office Life- his Woman’s Day Let’s Do Away With the Groping, Lecherous Advances Made by Male Colleagues at the workplace, The Indian Express, March 6-12 NSDC (2012), NSDC study on challenges in skill development eco system-2012 NSN (2019), Skill India mission empowers women with 10 initiatives in skill development and entrepreneurship, March 9, 2019, Government News Pandya Rameshwari (2016), Skill Development and Enterpreneurship in India, New Century Publications, New Delhi Patel, Vibhuti (2002). Women’s Challenges of the New Millennium, Gyan Publications, Delhi Saxena, Amita (2015), ‘Women Empowerment Through Skill Development’, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi Sudha G.S. (2007), Dynamics of Business Entrepreneurship, First Edition, Deepak Parnami, RBSA Publishers, Jaipur Vijay Kumar A., Jayachitra,S (2013), Women Entrepreneurship in India-Emerging Issues and Challenges, International Journal of Development Research, Vol.3, issue,4. Yadav Neha (2017), Empowerment of Rural Women Through Small Scale Skill Based Entrepreneurial Units, PhD Thesis submitted Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF MATHEMATICS TEACHERS’ TRAINING ON USE OF QUESTIONING TECHNIQUE AND STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MWALASUB-COUNTY, MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA

Muthusi Francis Mutisya, David M. Mulwa & James M. Muola

Page No.: 13049 - 13060

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 Mathematics’ teachers play an important role in teaching of concepts in mathematics and ensuring that students register good grades in tests. However, in Mwala Sub-county, the scenario is different with many students registering low achievement in mathematics. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the influence of mathematics’ teachers training on use of questioning technique on students’ achievement in mathematics in public secondary schools in Mwala Sub-county, Machakos County, Kenya. The study was guided by the learning theory. This study adopted mixed methodology and thus applied concurrent triangulation research design. Questionnaires were used to gather quantitative data from mathematics’ teachers whereas interview guides were used to collect qualitative data from principals. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically based on study objectives and presented in narrative form. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferentially using linear regression analysis in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23) and presented using tables. The study established that many mathematics’ teachers have basic training on how to use questioning technique in teaching mathematics. However, this has not improved students’ achievement in mathematics. Thus, the study recommends that mathematics’ teachers should undergo many in-service trainings on how improve the questioning technique skills. Mathematics’ teachers interact more with experienced colleagues by attending seminars and workshops designed to improve their experience and levels of exposure to different approaches of questioning. The Ministry of Education should create room for more in-service trainings for the newly recruited mathematics’ teachers.  
Keywords: Mathematics, Students’ Achievement in Mathematics, Teachers’ Training
 
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Ajibola, M. A. (2014). Innovations and implementation of early childhood policy for basic education in Nigeria: Research Journal of international studies. Akinoglu, S. (2014). The curricular reform initiatives of Turkey. World Applied Sciences. Amugo, M. B. (2013). Designing and delivering Policy in Nigeria. Ibadan: University Press. Cobb, P. (2014). Analyzing the mathematical learning of classroom community. South Africa: The University of Stellenbosch. Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Gachiri, N. S. (2014). Views of primary school mathematics teachers about effectiveness of strengthening of mathematics and Science education in-service training in Kirinyaga County. Unpublished Thesis, Kenyatta University. Harris, D. & Tim, R. S. (2013). Teacher Training, Teacher Quality and Student Achievement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
HOW WOMEN ARE PORTRAYED IN KAMBA PRAISE SONGS

Dorcas Kasiva Kimondiu & Charles Ndambuki Muli

Page No.: 13049 - 13057

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 This article helps to bring light on how women are portrayed by looking at some praise songs from the Akamba people in Kenya. To clearly highlight how the woman is perceived by the artists from the Kamba people, we shall take a look at artist to clearly understand whatever they illustrate in their songs and how they portray women in their songs. This article is based on the African Feminism. The theory helped us to investigate the qualities of an Africa woman as depicted by the artists’ oat ha Akamba praise songs. The article starts with an introduction where the background of women and indulgement of women has been explained, the themes that can be drawn from the Akamba praise songs and finally there is a conclusion that gives a summary of the issues tackled in the article.
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Kaui, M. (2008). “Usawiri wa Vijana katika Tamthilia teule za Kiswahili.” MA Thesis Kenyatta University. Kieti, M. (1999). Myali Songs. Social Critique among the Kamba. MA Thesis Nairobi University. Kieti, M. na Coughlin, P. (1990). Barking. U wili Be Eaten! The Wisdom of Kamba Oral Literature, Nairobi: Phoenix Publishers. King’ei, K. na Kisovi, C. (2005). Msingi Wa Fasihi Simulizi. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau. Lyatuu, J. (2011). “Usawiri wa Wanawake katika Fasihi ya Kiswahili; Ulinganifu wa Waandishi wa Kike na wa Kiume, Uchunguzi katika Riwaya Teule.” Dar el salaam University.
EXAMINATION REFORMS: PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT AS A TOOL OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Mohammad Saheel Khan

Page No.: 13058 - 13064

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Our entire education system is centered on examinations. In the present Evaluation system we conduct the examination and give marks and ranks to students. Student’s knowledge is often limited to memorization and reproducing the same in the examinations. Each student has its own innate talents which are not recognized; instead their capability in writing examination is being tested. It is restricted to only by – rote memory. The present day examinations are only testing the memory power of the students. The examination should be designed in such way that they should measure the higher order skills of learning, like analysis synthesis and problem solving. The examinations are mechanical in nature so it is a work of correcting and posting of the marks routinely. There is no scope for diagnostic and remedial teaching. This type of testing is not able to know how far a student is lagging behind. These Examinations are not helping the teacher in assessing the all-round development of the student. The all round development means to develop co-curricular, social, personal qualities and health status. It is also not helping in testing their level of competency. However, in constructive teaching, the process of gaining knowledge is viewed as being just as important as the product. Thus, assessment as per constructivism is based not only on tests, but also on observation of the student, the student’s work, and the student’s points of view. Portfolio assessment is one of the best methods of evaluation which is very popular forms of performance evaluation. The teachers will use it for understanding the learners learning ability and he will truly understand their students. The students are the products of significant instructional activity so the portfolios reflect contextualized learning and complex thinking skills. The decisions for constructing items for portfolio should be based on the purpose of the portfolio. If we take a right decision for item construction so it will prevent for becoming simply a folder of student work. Portfolio exists to make sense of students’ work, to communicate about their work, and to relate the work to a larger context. They may be intended to motivate students, to promote learning though reflections and self-assessment, and to be used in evaluations of student’s thinking and writing process. Keywords: Examination, Evaluation, Portfolio, Constructivist Assessment
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Government of India (1966). Report of the Education Commission (1964-66): Education and National Development, Ministry of Education, New Delhi. Government of India (1986). National Policy of Education, MHRD, Department of Education, New Delhi. Government of India (1991). Report of the Committee for Review of National Policy on Education: Towards an Enlightened and Human Society, MHRD, Department of Education, New Delhi. Government of India (1992). Programme of Action, MHRD, Department of Education, New Delhi. Government of India (1993). Learning without Burden, Report of the National Advisory Committee appointed by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Education, New Delhi. Howard L. Fleischman Laura Williams (1996). An Introduction to programe Evaluation for Classroom Teacher. Retrieved from www.teacherpathfinder.org/School/Assess/assess.html www.educatinon.nic.in/cd50years/g/t/v/otovoeo3.htm- www.teacherpathfinder.org/School/Assess/assess
A STUDY ON THE ATTITUDE OF B.ED. TEACHER TRAINEES TOWARDS INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

Archana S. Desai

Page No.: 13065 - 13069

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Buch, M.B. (1991). Fourth Survey of Research in Education, 1983-1988. New Delhi: National Council of Educational Research and Training. Darling-Hammond, L. (2000a). Standard setting in teaching: changes in licensing, certification and assessment. In V. Richardson (Ed), Handbook of Research on Teaching, (4th Ed, pp.751-776)* Washington DC: American Educational Research Association. •Joshua et.al (2009) Attitude of Nigerion Secondary School teachers to student evaluation of teachers. Edutracks Nov.2009, vol.9. No.3. MHRD (1986). National Policy on Education. New Delhi: MHRD
KISHORAVSTHA ME HONE VALI BALAK EANV BALIKAON KE VYAVHAR NIYANTRAN, SANVEGATMAK PARIPAKVATA EANV SAMAJIK PARIPAKVTA KA TULANATMAK ADHYAYAN

Soni Mishra & Manju

Page No.: 13070 - 13071

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MARATHI MADHYAMACHYA IYATTA PACHAVICHYA VIDHYARTHYAMADHYE UPYOJANATMAK PATALIVAR VIKASIT ZALELYA MARATHI BHASHETIL SHABDSAMPATTICHE VISHLESHAN KARUN TYANCHA TULNATMAK ABHYAS

Atul Prakash Kulkarni

Page No.: 13072 - 13079

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National Council Of Educational Research & Training, Report of the Minimum Learning Committee, Department of Education, New Delhi Shrivastva, R,P, (2005) Reading Ability & School Achievement, Delhi, Commonwealth Publication http://www.languageindia.com/nov2002/vocabulary.com http://www.answers.com/vocabulary&r=67
SHIKSHANSHASTRA MAHAVIDYALAYATIL B. ED. PRASHIKSHNATRILA MATRUBHASHA MARATHI SHIKSHAN , SWARUP, UDDISHTE AANI PADHATI (PEPAR KRAMANK -106) YA VISHYACHYA ADHYAYANASATHI SWAYAMADHYAYAN PUSTIKECHI NIRMITI VA PARINAMKARAKATECHA ABHYAS

Prof. Kailas R. Khonde

Page No.: 13084 - 13088

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25% NEIGHBOURHOOD ADMISSION POLICY UNDER RTE: AN EVALUATION

Vikas Mane

Page No.: 13089 - 13099

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 Section 12 of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009 (the Act) has made it compulsory for every private unaided school to admit at least 25% of its entry level class from children belonging to weaker and disadvantaged groups. Due to various implementation issues this policy has been criticized by many social activists, academicians and educationists as well. An empirical study of the schools from Pune and Beed show various issues in the implementation of this provision, such as - vague admission process under the RTE, reimbursement as a per child expenditure being insufficient, negative approach of the school regarding the admission under 25% admission, lack of awareness of parents about the 25% reservation, schools manipulating the provision of admission under 25% reservation policy, etc. Suggestions for the effective implementation of the 25% admission policy include a fair selection process, adequate and timely reimbursement to school, transparent monitoring and evaluation system among others. Overall this 25% neighbourhood school admission policy for the disadvantaged and weaker students is good but needs a far better implementation structure and a determined political and administrative will to succeed on greater scale. Its main objectives of social integration of children and exposure to quality education are laudable and express the best intentions of the RTE act. 
Keywords - Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, disadvantaged and weaker students, 25% neighbourhood admission, student’s cultural and academic integration
 
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RTE Section wise rational – http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/RTE_Section_wise_rationale_rev_0.pdf Sharma, Pooja and Nigam, Shivangi (2015) ‘EWS Reservation: Beyond Implementation’ International Journal of Academic Research in Education and Review, Vol. 3(9), pp. 257-260, October 2015, http://www.academicresearchjournals.org/IJARER/Index.htm Sujatha, K and Sucharita, V (2016) ‘Right to Quality Education through Social Inclusion A Study of Two Schools in Delhi’, National University of Educational Planning and Administration, Occasional Paper 49, pp. 15 Swati ShindeGole (2013) ‘More parents report discrimination cases’ article published in The Times of India, dated, 27 June 2013, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/More-parents-report-discrimination-cases/articleshow/20787176.cms The Right to Education Act- http://righttoeducation.in/know-your-rte/about The Times of India (2014) ‘Survey throws light on discrepancies in RTE implementation’ article published dated, May 9, 2014,https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Survey-throws-light-on-discrepancies-in-RTE-implementation/articleshow/34844845.cms
PERCEPTION OF CHILDREN ABOUT CONTINUOUS AND COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION AT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL LEVEL IN ODISHA

Sudarshan Mishra & Subhashree Pattananaik

Page No.: 13100 - 13111

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 NCF-2005 says, "Each school should evolve a flexible and implementable scheme of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE), primarily for diagnosis, remediation and enhancing of learning" (p.115). Right to Education Act, 2009 in its section-29 (2), clause-h recommended for comprehensive and continuous evaluation of child\'s understanding of knowledge and his/her ability to apply the same. CCE scheme has already been implemented in our schools. However, whether the real aim of CCE is achieved or not needs to be studied. The investigators conducted a study on the perception of children about the practice of CCE at elementary stage in Odisha. Qualitative survey method was followed for the present study. Target population is restricted to all the elementary schools of four districts of Odisha: Balasore, Cuttack, Dhenkanal and Ganjam. Ten elementary schools were selected randomly from each district. In each school, one FGD with students was conducted. A total of forty FGDs were conducted with students. A guideline for focus group discussion with students was developed and used by the investigators. The data were analysed by using qualitative data analysis techniques. Findings and suggestions are given related to the study.
Keywords: continuous and comprehensive evaluation, elementary school, focus group discussion, perception. 
 
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Bhatia, A. (1997). A Study of Evaluation System in Primary Schools of Orissa. RIE- Bhubaneswar, Odisha. CBSE (2009). Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation Manual for Teachers. New Delhi: Author. Retrieved from www.cbse.nic.in/circular/cir39-2009.pdf CBSE (2010). Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation Manual for Teachers Classes VI to VIII. New Delhi: Author Directorate of TE & SCERT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India (2012). Continuous and comprehensive evaluation framework for elementary stage in Odisha. Bhubaneswar: Author. Directorate of TE & SCERT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India (2013). Prathamika Starare Nirantar Samagrika Mulyayan: Prasikshyak Margadarsika. Bhubaneswar: Author Idowu, I and Esere, O (2009). Assessment in Nigerian schools: a counsellor’s viewpoint. Edo Journal of Counselling, 2 (1), 17-27.
CORRUPTION FREE STATE: MYTH AND REALITY

Kartick Pal & Bishwajit Kumar

Page No.: 13112 - 13124

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 Corruption’ is a meaningful concept in our society because it is a part of social practice not only in modern times but also in medieval and ancient ages. Throughout the ages, people perceived practice of corruption as a deviation from social ethics.  It affects every sphere of life like society, politics, economy, and administration. IN present India corruption is a big issue. Like cancer, corruptions have polluted our society.  The sources of corruption in India are found in every sphere of life and society. there are problems in the collection of actual data about corruption, due to lack of reliability/credibility of published data or information. Many cases related to the big scam are not proven.  This leads to an institutional crisis. Many institutions are formed to prevent corruption like CVC, CBI, LOKPAL etc. These institutions are losing their credibility and legitimacy due to their inability to effectively deal with cases related to corruption which in the long run may undermine the credence of Indian State.
Keywords:  Corruption, Administration, government institutions for preventing and inquiry of corruption 
 
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Avasthi, A. & Maheshwari, S. (2018) Public Administration, New Delhi, Laksmi Narain Agarwal Chakraborty, Bidyut & Chand, Prakash (2016) Public Administration: Evolution and Practice, New Delhi, SAGE Publishing. Fadia, B.L. (2009) “Public Administration” Sahitya Bhawan Publication, Agra Sapru, R.K. (2016) Administrative Theories and Management Thought, New Delhi, PHI Learning Private Limited Sapru, R.K. (2016) Administrative Theories and Management Thought, New Delhi, PHI Learning Private Limited Kundu, M. Some aspects of corruption in India in 21st Century, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 12, December 2015 Rajak, J. Singh, Corruption in India: Nature, Causes, Consequences and Cure, Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 18, Issue 5, (Nov-Dec 2013) Report of Transparency International -The Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2011,2012,2013,2016,2017
A STUDY OF EXPECTATIONS OF THE VISITORS TO SEVERAL RELIGIOUS TOURISM CENTRES IN THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

Eesha Vinayak Deshpande & Kishor L. Salve

Page No.: 13125 - 13135

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 Maharashtra, a state in India, having residents of almost all prominent religions like Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Sikhism and Zoroastrianism respectively, has a heterogenous composition of religious centres. Religious tourism is the most popular form of tourism in India. Since the religious practices and visits to various religious centres are rapidly gaining popularity, studying the expectations of the devotees from such religious tourism centres would prove to be salubrious to the management of such centres as well as to the visitors. There is a need to bridge the gap between the expectation of facilities by the visitors and the provision of such facilities from the management’s side.
This paper is an attempt to understand the expectation of the facilities by the visitors to the various religious tourism centres. This will help to understand the need for further infrastructural development as well as other facilities offered by such centres.
Keywords: Religious centres, religious tourism, pilgrimage, devotees
 
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O’Gorman, KD (2009), “Origins of the commercial hospitality industry: from the fanciful to factual”, Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 21 No. 7, pp. 777-790 Bryce, D, O’Gorman, KD and Baxter, IWF (2013), “Commerce, empire and faith in safavid Iran: the Caravanserai of Isfahan”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 204-226. Melian, AG, Prats, L and Coromina, L (2016), “The perceived value of accessibility in religious sites – do disabled and non-disabled travellers behave differently?”, Tourism Review, Vol. 71 No. 2, pp. 105-117. Jauhari, V and Sanjeev, GM (2010), “Managing customer experience for spiritual and cultural tourism: an overview”, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, Vol. 2 No. 5, pp. 467-476.
ATROCITIES VIS-À-VIS DEVELOPMENTAL STRATEGIES FOR SCHEDULED CASTES IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Kewal Krishan

Page No.: 13136 - 13140

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 The human society, since time immemorial, has been characterized by inequalities and inequities on one hand and quest for equality and equity on the other. At present the scheduled castes constituting approximately 16.6 percent (census 2011) of the total population in India and 25.2 percent of the total population in Himachal Pradesh have important social formation in the Indian society. The continuity and change in the life of scheduled castes is historical in nature attributing mainly to the concerted efforts made by various scheduled castes organizations themselves for their up-liftment. The constitutional provisions are translated into a reality by incorporating them into development policies and plans. Whatever changes which have come in the life of the scheduled castes are the result of planned developmental strategies. Despite various measures have been taken to improve the socio-economic conditions of scheduled castes, they still remain vulnerable. Atrocities against the members of the scheduled castes still continue to a disturbing level. The public accountability provisions under the Act need to be outlined in detail and strengthened. The objective of the study is to emphasize the intention of the Indian constitutional provisions to develop scheduled castes through affirmative action’s in order to enable them to live in society with dignity and self-esteem without any discrimination and fear. 
Keywords:  Atrocities, development strategies, scheduled castes, culture.
 
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Chandan, R.C. 1989. Special Dimension of Scheduled Castes in India, Intectual Publishing House, 23 Daryaganj Ansari Road, New Delhi. Dogra Bharat, 1986. Evaluation of IRDP in Himachal Pradesh - A Case Study of Mushobra Block of Shimla District, M.Phil Dissertation, HPU, Shimla (Unpublished). Hutton, J.H. 1961. Caste in India, London: Oxford University Press, Ely House. Khan, Mumtaz Ali, 1980. Scheduled Castes and Their Status in India, New Delhi: National Pub. House. Myrdal, Gunner, 1964. Economic Theory and Underdevelopment Regions, London: Methuen and Co. Ltd. Sharma, Satish Kumar, 1986. The Chamar Artisians (Industrialization, Skills and Social Mobility), B.R. Publication Company New Delhi.
TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE THROUGH SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION

M. Salman Imtiaz

Page No.: 13141 - 13148

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 Substance abuse in India has become one of the biggest concerns of our country right now since it is affecting largely youth of our country. A report on substance abuse has been prepared and submitted to All India Medical Sciences in 2019 reported that 14.6% of the people between the age of 10 and 75 are alcohol user and about 2.8% use cannabis products. According to this report, there are about 8.5 lakhs substance abuser overall, nation reason behind economic burden, broken family, violence, illiteracy and psychological problems. Adolescent substance abuse is another major area of concern because more than half of the person’s with substance use disorder are introduced to drugs before the age of 15 years. The effective treatment can help patients addicted to substances stop using, avoid relapse, and successfully recover their lives. Based on this research, key ideas have emerged that will be proved effective programme through social work intervention in prevention of substance abuse. 
Keywords: Drug abuse, Treatment approach, social work
 
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AIIMS (2019), ‘National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC) Report’ Bouchez Clotte, New Presciptions for Addiction Treatment, WebMDhttps://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/features/new-prescriptions-for-addiction-treatment#1 Krohn M.D., Lizotte, A.J., Perez C.M. (1997), The Interrelationship between Substance use and precocious transitions to adult statuses, Journal of Health Social Behaviour, 38 (1); 87-103 Kumari, Pradamini (2019): ‘10 Rehab Centres Across India For Those Seeking Help with Addiction’ https://www.scoopwhoop.com/health/rehabilitation-centres-across-india-addiction-help/ Landry, M. (1995); ‘Overview of Addiction Treatment Effectiveness’, Rockville, Maryland, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. National Institute of Drug Abuse,(2012): ‘Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment-A Reseach-based Guide’ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, USA National Institute of Health (2009), Report of US Department of Health and Human Services, ‘Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction’, September 2009 NCADA (1991): ‘National Compaign against Drug Abuse,
AWARENESS ABOUT HARMFUL EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

Suman Kumari Katoch

Page No.: 13149 - 13154

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 The aim of this paper was to assess the awareness level of high school students towards the harmful effects of cigarette smoking. Tobacco smoking use kills more than eight million people annually and is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths globally. In recent times, the prevalence of smoking in Himachal Pradesh especially among high school students is on the rise. It is a massive public health threat. In this light, the objectives of study was framed to find out the level of awareness among rural and urban high school students (boys & girls) and also to find out whether there exists any significant difference in their awareness about the harmful effects of cigarette smoking with respect to gender and locale.A sample of 90 high school students (45 boys & 45 girls) was selected from 6 high schools of district Mandi. To find out the significance of difference between the groups, t-test was applied. The results revealed that gender-wise there existssignificant difference related to harmful effects of cigarette smoking among high school students. But locality-wise no significant difference exists related to awareness of harmful effects of cigarette smoking among high school students
Keywords: Smoking, Tobacco, Health, WHO and Peer Pressure.
 
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Caroline O. Cobb et al., (2010). Evaluating the Acute Effects of Oral, Non-Combustible Potential Reduced Exposure Product Marketed to Smokers, TOBACCO CONTROL 367. Chopra A, Rao NC, Gupta N, Vashisth S. (2014). Communicating tobacco health risks: How effective are the warning labels on tobacco products? Niger Med J 2014; 55:411 6. Christina L. Rainey et al., (2011). Chemical Characterization of Dissolvable Tobacco Products Promoted To Reduce Harm, J. AGRIC. AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2745. GATS India report. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. [Last accessed on 2014 Feb 02]. Available from: http://www.mohfw.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/1455618937GATS%20India.pdf . George N. Connolly et al., (2010). Unintentional Child Poisonings through Ingestion of Conventional and Novel Tobacco Products, PEDIATRICS 896.
BHAVISHYABHYAS AANI SHIKSHAN

Pratap Bhausaheb Atre

Page No.: 13155 - 13158

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NORMS OF SECONDARY AND HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS ON TEST OF NON VERBAL INTELLIGENCE

Vijay Dhamane & Roshan More

Page No.: 13159 - 13173

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 The present study investigated the Intelligence of Secondary and Higher Secondary School Students of Maharashtra. The study was conducted on fourteen hundred and forty (1440) class 9th to 12th by giving due representation to boys and girls as well as rural and urban location of the six administrative regional zone in Maharashtra state, namely: Pune, Aurangabad, Amravati, Nasik, Kokan and Nagpur. The schools were selected using stratified random sampling technique. The selected schools are affiliated to SSC and HSC board of State of Maharashtra. The descriptive survey method is used for data collections. As far as Intelligence was measured by the group test of Non verbal test of intelligence constructed and standardized by More (2019). The finding of the study reported that, i) comparisons norms of secondary and higher secondary school student on test of non verbal intelligence shows that :- i) on below average level urban student’s raw score are higher than rural students. ii) On average level urban students are on high raw score than rural students. In 10th std. urban boys are on higher raw sore than other students. iii) On above average level urban students are on high raw score than rural students. In 9th std. urban and rural boys are on higher raw sore than urban boys. 9th and 10th std. students are on high raw score than other students.
Keywords: Intelligence, Secondary and Higher Secondary School Students, Norms
 
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Anastasi, A. & Urbina, S. (2006), Psychological Testing International. 7th Ed. New Delhi: Pearson Education. Bracken, B. A., & McCallum, R. S. (1998). Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing. Brown, L., Sherbenou, R. J., & Johnsen, S. K. (1997). Test of nonverbal intelligence (3rd ed.). Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Canfield, A. A. (1951), The Sten scale - A modified C-scale. Educational and Psycho- logical Measurement. Cattell R. B. (1940). A culture-free intelligence test I. J. Educ. Psychol. 31 Hammill, D. D., Pearson, N. A., & Wiederholt, J. L. (1996). Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence. Austin, TX:PRO-ED. Nafde, G.F. (1961). Standardization of a Non Verbal Test of Intelligence. Ph.D. Thesis. Bombay Naglieri, J. A. (1996). Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace Educational Measurement. Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1995). Raven, Matrices Progressive (Escalas: CPM, SPM, APM).Madrid: TEA Ediciones, S.A. Shaha, G.B. (1981). Construction and Standardization of Non Verbal Group test of Intelligence with special reference to Gujarat State. (For children of age group 13-17 ). M.S. University of Baroda. Wechsler, D. (1939). The Measurement of Adult Intelligence. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Witkins, 229. Wilhoit, B., & McCallum, R. S. (2002). Profile analysis of the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) standardization sample. School Psychology Review, 31(2), 263–281.
EFFECT OF MENTAL HEALTH ON DISCIPLINE AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DHANBAD DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND

Jolly Ghosh & Ranjeet Kumar

Page No.: 13174 - 13178

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 The present study attempted to find out the effect of discipline and mental health on the academic achievement of the students. The study was conducted on a sample of 100 students studying of class XIIth from different schools of Dhanbad town. Mental Health Battery (1971) was administered for the collection of data and percentage of marks obtained in the last examination was taken as an academic achievement score. Findings revealed that there were significant differences between the high and low achiever students in their mental health. High achiever students were found more mentally healthy. It was found that mental health and academic achievement was positively correlated.
Keywords: Discipline, Mental Health, Knowledge and Individuals.
 
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Alexander, Karl. L., Doris. R. Entwisle & Susan L. Dauber. (1993). “First Grade Classroom Behavior: Its Short- and Long-Term Consequences for School Performance.” Child Development 64:801–14. DeSocio, J. and Hootman, J. (2004). Children’s mental health and school success. The Journal of School Nursing 20(4):189-196. Farmer, Alvin D & Karen L. Bierman. (2002). “Predictors and Consequences of Aggressive-Withdrawn Problem Profiles in Early Grade School.” Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 31: 299–311. Gall, G. et al. (2000). Utility of psychosocial screening at a school-based health center. The Journal of School Health 70(7):292-298. Kay, N., Li, K., Xiou, X., Nokkaew, N. & Park, BH. (2009). Hopelessness and Suicidal Behaviour among Chinese, Thai and Korean College Students and Predictive effects on the World Health Organization?s WHOQOL-BREF. International Electronic journal of Health Education, 12, 16-32. Puskar, K. R. & Bernardo, L. M. (2007). Mental Health and Academic Achievements: Role of School Nurses. Journal for Specialists Pediatric Nursing, 12(4), 215-223. Shairi, M. R. (2004). “Aspects of mental health and educational achievement”. In the scientific research monthly of Shahed University. Vol. 7; 2004.
EFFECTS OF SOME SOIL FUNGI ON SEED HEALTH OF PULSES

Dhekle Neeta Marotirao

Page No.: 13179 - 13184

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 During the present studies some soil isolates of fungi were screened for seed health (seed germination, shoot length and root length) of pulses, the seeds of pulses like Green gram (Vigna radiata L.), Black gram (Vigna mungo L.), Chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) were surface sterilized with 0.1 % HgCl2 and subsequently washed to remove the fungicide. These seeds were then infested with 2 ml of spore suspension of test soil fungi and incubated on moist blotter at room temperature for ten days. On eleventh day seed germination, shoot and root length were recorded. The seeds without infestation of the test fungi of were served as control. The results presented showed that all the test soil isolates of  fungi caused reduction in seed germination shoot and root length of pulses in more or less degree.  
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Anwar, M.N. and A.U. Mirdha (1987): Effect of culture filtrate of some fungi on seed germination of some important crops. Seed and Farms. 13 (1): 31-33. Bhale, M.S., S.N. Singh and M.N. Khare (1982): Influence of culture filtrates of seed-borne Curvularia lunata and Trichoconiell padwickii on seed germination. Indian phytopath. 35 (3):496-497. Bodke, S. S., A. S. Kandhare, D.U. Gawai and S. S. Wadje (2005): Screening of root extracts of different plants against seed mycoflora, seed germination and seedling emergence of Pennisetum typhoides Burm. J. Bot. Soc. Uni. Sagar, 2005, vol. No. 40: 43-50. Chary, M.A.S. and S.M. Reddy (1982): Toxic effect of Fusarium oxysporum on seed germination and growth of Mung (Vigna radiata). Indian Bot. Reptr. 1(2): 169-170. Deshpande, K.S. and D.M. Gajewar (1976): Effect of toxic metabolite of Helminthosporium longirostrata on germination of M35-1 Sorghum. Indian Jour. Agri. Sci. 46 (12): 584-588. Gupta, O.M. and N.D. Sharma (1998): Influence of soil fungal metabolites on seed germination and root development of soybean. Journal of mycol. Pl. pthol. 28 (3):344-345. Kamal and A.K. Verma (1987): Seed-borne mycoflora of Arhar (T-21), effect of culture filtrates of some isolates on seed germination and fungicidal treatment. Indian Jour. Mycol. Pathol. 9 (1): 41-45. Meena, L.R. (2001): Allelopathic potential of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) on germination and seedling growth of Pigeon pea and Urdbean. Annals of agricultural research. 22 (4): 491-494. Mughal, A.H. (2000): Allelopathic effect of leaf extra of Morus alba L. on germination and seedling growth of some pulses. Range management and agro forestry. 21 (2): 164-169. Shankar, V. and Prakasarao, C.G. (1995): Effect of culture filtrates of some seed mycoflora on seed germination and seedling growth of Horse gram. Journal of Ecobiology. 7(4): 283-287. Sharma, A.K. (1990): Effect of metabolites of some seed-borne fungi on seed mycoflora and seed germination of Soybean. Int. Conf. on seed Sci. and Tech. New Delhi. Feb. 21-25, page-201. Singh and Gupta (1984): Seed-borne fungi of Medicago sativa L. and effect of culture filtrate of some isolates on germination and root shoot growth. Seed research. 12(1): 123-127.
INDIA’S STRATEGY WITH TALIBAN IN AFGHANISTAN

Dr. Hemant Kumar Pandey & Mohd Margub

Page No.: 13185 - 13198

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John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the history of the Cold War Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics Vahid Brown and Don Rassler, Fountainhead of Jihad: The Haqqani Nexus, 1973-2012 Theo Farrell, Unwinnable: Britain’s War in Afghanistan 2001-2014 Avinash Paliwal, My Enemy’s Enemy: India in Afghanistan from the Soviet Invasion to the US Withdrawal (Noida: Harper Collins, 2017)
A STUDY OF THE NUDGE THEORY IN INDIAN CONTEXT

Balaji Mudholkar

Page No.: 13199 - 13206

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 This paper has provided an explanation on nudge theory; Nudge theory has great importance in changing the economic and social behavior of the people. This research paper is based on secondary data from various authorized government sites with comparing the theory of Nudge. Researcher will try to take present stock of Nudge theory in Indian context.
Key words: Nudge, Economic, social behaviour, theory, policy.
 
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https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/non-salaried-taxpayers-up-but-salaried-still-bear-tax-brunt/articleshow/66324459.cms https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277013374_From_mechanism_to_virtue_Evaluating_Nudge-theory https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bjp-has-merely-renamed-19-out-of-23-congress-schemes-report https://simplicable.com/new/nudge-theory https://www.livemint.com/budget/economic-survey/economic-survey-draws-on-behavioural-economics-to-lay-the-roadmap-for-growth-1562225486882.html https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/how-the-swachh-bharat-mission-is-nudging-people-to-use-toilets/story-Fr4J0zzdhIcVQnbf4WqtdJ.html https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/atal-pension-yojana-pfrda-sees-subscriber-base-at-15-cr-by-march/article26092776.ece https://www.ibef.org/research/india-study/make-in-india https://www.gbim.com/impact-of-digitization-on-indian-economy/ Nudging in Public Policy and Public Management: A scoping review of the literature. Hannah Van Deun, Wouter van Acker, Ellen Fobé *, Marleen Brans https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/therovingeye/push-comes-to-nudge https://www.cps.iitb.ac.in/nudge-fudge-a-critique-of-using-nudge-theory-in-policymaking-in-india/ https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2019/08/nudging-india-using-behavioural-economics-in-public-policy https://behavioralscientist.org/context-matters-for-nudgers-too-a-lesson-from-india http://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/behavioural-economics-for-new-india
MANTRA FOR REHABILITATION PROFESSIONALS

Avanish C. Mishra & Vivek Nath Tripathi

Page No.: 13207 - 13213

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 In this paper an attempt has been made to explore the mantra of rehabilitation professionals for better empowerment of persons with disabilities. All the institutions which are working in the field of special education have proper physical and human resources. However, some of the institutions are doing good job not only due to their physical and human resources but due to the quality of teachers and their commitment, devotion and dedication. The existing training institutions are not sufficient to bring the persons with disabilities in the mainstream for the development of society. The trained professional/personnel in the field of special education for catering to the needs of children with disabilities, are too less in the national education system. The inclusion of children with disabilities in regular schools is also negligible. It is also important to enhance the knowledge and skills of mid level functionaries of government departments to facilitate various schemes/programmes related to empowerment of person with disabilities. This paper will also help to address how the awareness can be spread among the society, parents, community members and the persons with disabilities and also address some points of Mantra for better Rehabilitation.
Key words: Success mantra, awareness, attitude, confidence, humanity.
 
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Dr. APJ Kalam, Abdul (2013). National building with moral leadership, Mission for the Vice-Chancellors. National Conference of Vice-chancellors on Swami Vivekananda on Education, New Delhi, 231-235. Ghanchi DA (2016). Faculty Identity crisisis: failed Gods ?fallen Angels? fatigwed pedagogues? University News, Vol.53 NO.35 Aug -31-6Sep, 16-19. Mishra, Deepak (2016) Right to Life Includes living with Dignity. Convocation Address- University News, Vol.54, No. 26, June 27-July 2016, 29-31. Mukherjee Pranab (2015) National Building and Charcter Building: The Twin Key objective of Education. University News . July 13-18, Vol-53 No 58 p-25-27. Pitroda, Sam (2014). National Building Require Commitment, University News Vol. 52 No. 04 Jan 27-7 20-23
A STUDY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPETENCY IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Cerena Aurin D’cunha

Page No.: 13214 - 13224

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 Skills of English language are particularly important for knowing what is generally recognised as information interpretation. Students require a lot of vocabulary expansion and instruction of comprehension strategies as English is a foreign language. 
Though English is imparted as a compulsory subject from primary level to the secondary and even in higher education yet, it is a test of evolving expertise and interest which is the chief need of the hour. Hence the researcher decided to study the English language Competency of secondary school students in order to find out their level of competency in the language.
 
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Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practices in second language acquisition. Retrieved from http://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf McKlintock, K. (2014). Acculturation process and its implications for foreign language learners and teachers. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research. 2(3). Retrieved from http://www.auamii.com/jiir/Vol-02/issue-03/1McClintock.pdf
PEACE EDUCATION AND ITS BASIC ELEMENTS FOR TEACHER EDUCATORS

Anjali Monga

Page No.: 13225 - 13232

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Best , J.W. and Khan, J.V.(2005) Research in education,Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi., Balvinder Kaur, “ Peace Education” (New Trends & innovations) 2006,. Deep Publication, New Delhi. Biton, Y., & Salomon, G. (2006). Peace in the Eyes of Israeli and Palestinian Youths as Function of Collective Narratives and Participation in a Peace Education Program. Journal of Peace Research, 43, (2), 167-180). Comas-Diaz, L., Lykes, M. B., & Alarcon, R. D. (1998). Ethnic conflict and the psychology of liberation in Guatemala, Peru, and Puerto Rico. American Psychologist. 53, 778– 792. Dakof, G. A., & Quille, T. J. (2003). Enrolling and retaining mot Researchers of substance-exposed infants in drug abuse treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 764–772. Jausi, W. (2009). Restoring the attitudes of peace education participants through Peer- Tutoring. PhD Dissertation, University of Haifa (Hebrew). Maoz, I. (2000). Power relations in intergroup encounters: A case study of Jewish-Arab encounters in Israel. International Journal of intercultural Relations. 24, 259-277. Subhash Chandra, (2016) Meaning and Concept of Peace Education, Intercultural Open University (IOU), The Netherlands Salomon, G. (2002). The nature of peace education: Not all programs are created equal. In G. Salomon& B. Nevo (Eds.), Peace education: The concept, principles and practices around the world (pp.3–14). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. UNICEF-Croatia. (1997). School based health and peace initiative: Trauma healing and peaceful problem solving programme for primary schools in Western and Eastern Slovenia Evaluation Report Zagreb Croatian Ministry of Education and Sport. UNICEF/CARE/McMaster University
VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN IN ARUNDHATI ROY’S THE GOD OF SMALL THINGS

Khagendra Sethi

Page No.: 13233 - 13238

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Desai, Anita, Fasting Feasting, London: Chatto and Windus,1999. Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. New Delhi:India Ink, 1997. S. Lerner, Garda, The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: OUP 1986.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND SOLUTIONS

Swati Singh

Page No.: 13239 - 13260

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Environmental degradation is a series of actions through which we weaken or harm the natural environment, reduce its biological diversity and encroach on the general health of the natural infrastructure. Though environment can be degraded naturally, anthropogenic impacts on the environment fast-track its degradation. The environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources which includes all the biotic and abiotic element that form our surrounding that is air, water, soil, pant animals, and all other living and non-living element of the planet of earth. The major factor of environmental degradation is human (modern urbanization, industrialization, overpopulation growth, deforestation, etc.) and natural (flood, typhoons, droughts, rising temperatures, fires, etc.) cause. Today, different kinds of human activities are the main reasons for environmental degradation. The automobile and industries increase the number of poisonous gases like Sox, NOx, CO, and smoke in the atmosphere. Therefore, the government must enhance filling the gap in the legal system to avoid illegal activities. This chapter discusses the impact of environmental degradation with its future impacts, city planners, industry, and resource managers’ plan to be considered to mitigate the long-term effects of developmental environmental degradation. Keywords: Environmental degradation, Manmade impacts, Mitigation, Pollution, Biological diversity.
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Anil, M.N.V., Kumari, K. and Wate, S.R. (2014). Loss of biodiversity and conservation strategies: an outlook of Indian scenar-io. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology, 3(2): 105-114. Bourque, C.P.A., Cox, R.M., Allen, D.J., Arp, P.A. and Meng, F.R. (2005). Spatial extent of winter thaw events in eastern North America: historical weather records in relation to yellow birch decline. Global Change Biology, 11(9): 1477-1492. Brown, B.J., Hanson, M.E., Liverman, D.M. and Merideth, R.W. (1987). Global sustainability: toward definition. Environmental Management, 11(6): 713-719. Buhaug, H., Gleditsch, N.P. and Theisen, O.M. (2010). Implications of climate change for armed conflict. Social dimensions of climate change: Equity and vulnerability in a warming world, pp. 75-101. Cheng, M., Zeng, G., Huang, D., Lai, C., Xu, P., Zhang, C. and Liu, Y. (2016). Hydroxyl radicals based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for remediation of soils contaminated with organic compounds: a review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 284: 582-598. Cunningham, W.P., Cooper, T.H., Gorham, E. and Hepworth, M.T. (1998). Environmental encyclopedia. pp. 1-110. Dirzo, R. and Raven, P.H. (2003). Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 28(1): 137-167.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BLENDED LEARNING

Seema Sharma

Page No.: 13277 - 13284

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Blended learning refers to combining digital tools with the traditional teaching-learning process. The purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a blended teaching-learning environment among senior secondary students by analyzing the relationship between students' attitudes and self-regulation and the learning outcomes. A survey was administered to 300 senior secondary students to gather data on their attitudes, self-regulation, and learning outcomes. The final examination results were used to measure performance as a learning outcome. An online self-regulatory learning questionnaire was used to collect students' self-regulation data, and a self-developed instrument was used to measure their attitude. Multiple regression analysis indicated that blended learning and students' attitudes and self-regulation predicted student satisfaction as an effective outcome. The results showed that students' attitudes and self-regulation are significant predictors for learning outcomes in blended learning.
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Abubakar, D. &. (2015). Influence of computer literacy on post-graduates’ use of e-resources in Nigerian University Libraries. Library Philosophy and Practice. Ahmad, N. &.-K. (2011). Effect of Moodle on learning: An Oman perception. International Journal of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (IJDIWC), 746–752. Berenson, R. B. (2008). Emotional intelligence as a predictor for success in online learning. International Review of Research in open & Distance Learning, 1-16. Coldwell, J. C. (2008). Online students: Relationships between participation, demographics and academic performance. The Electronic Journal of e-learning, 19-30. Commission, U. G. (2021, November 111). www.ugc.ac.in. Retrieved from www.ugc.ac.in: https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/6100340_Concept-Note-Blended-Mode-of-Teaching-and-Learning.pdf Demirkol, M. &. (2014). Effect of blended environment model on high school students’ academic achievement. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 78–87. Garrison, D. R. (2004). Blended learning: Uncovering its transformative potential in higher education. Internet and Higher Education, 95–105. Guskey, T. R. (2000). Evaluating Professional Development. Thousands Oaks: Corwin Press. Hadad, W. (2021, November 10). ICT-in-education toolkit reference handbook. Retrieved from InfoDev.: http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.301.html
AURANGABAD JILHYATIL UCCHA PRATHAMIK SHALETIL PALAK-SHIKSHAK, VIDYARTHYACHYA AANTARKRIYACHA ABHYAS

S. S. Pathak & Tayade Dandpal Bhimrav

Page No.: 13285 - 13298

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www.shodhganga.com www.maha.gov.in
UNDERSTANDING MOTHERHOOD: A CONCEPTUAL EXPLORATION

Vasiraju Rajyalakshmi

Page No.: 13299 - 13308

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This article aims to map the sociological debate around the motherhood with a historical perspective. It would explore the social theories that analyse the women as mothers and how do these approaches engage with the social, cultural, and political issues around motherhood. It would pay attention to specific discourses around motherhood in theory as well in practice and what are the ways in which sociologists deal with them.
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Beauvoir, Simone de. 1953. The Second Sex. New York: Alfred A Knopf. Bernard, Jessie. 1974. The Future of Motherhood. New York: Dial Press. Bourdieu. Pierre. 2001. Masculine Domination. Oxford: Polity Press Chodorow, N. (1978). The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley: University of California Press. Durkheim, Emile. 1893. The Division of Labour in Society. New York: Macmillan. Hays, Sharon.1996. The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. New Haven: Yale University Press. Oakley, Ann. 1974. The sociology of housework. New York: Pantheon. Oakley, Ann. 1980. Becoming a Mother. New York: Schocken. Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels. 1986. The German Ideology. New York: International Publishers. Parsons, Talcott. 1949. ‘The social structure of the family’, In Ruth N. Anshen (Ed.), The family: its function and destiny. New York: Harper.
STRIVADACHE SAMAJIK PAILU: NIRNAY PRAKRIYETIL VASTAVATA

Sujata Karade

Page No.: 13299 - 13306

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Austin Gayle, 1990, Feminist Theories for Dramatic Criticism, The University of Michigan press, United status of America. Agnew Vijay, 1986, Elite Women in Indian Politics, Shakti Books, Delhi. Desai Leela, 2004, Issues In Feminism, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur. Meenakshi J. C. Edited 207, Women and Panchayat Raj, Omega Publications: New Delhi. * Journals:- Bhag, Bhargav B.S. and Vidya K.C. Position of women in Political institutions: With Special refrence to Panchayat Raj system in Karnataka, Journal of Rural Development NRD, Hyderbad. Gala Chetana, 1987, the Ladies Pannel:Report from Maharashtra, Maushi,No. 42-43.
MULYO KE VIAKS ME SHIKSHA KI BHUMIKA

Shubhra Shrivastava

Page No.: 13307 - 13312

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ROLE OF MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (MIT) FOR ENHANCING TEACHING-LEARNING IN PANDEMIC OUTBREAK

Rekha Nariwal

Page No.: 13313 - 13322

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Modern Information Technologies (MIT) age becomes an era of enhancing the knowledge providing sound and unmatched feasibility for discovery, exchange of information, communication and exploration to strengthen the teaching learning process. Modern Information Technologies (MIT) help in promoting opportunities of knowledge sharing throughout the world. The present conceptual research focused on the study is to discuss the Modern Information Technology (MIT) for enhancing teaching-learning in pandemic outbreak. Modern Information Technology (MIT) and teaching-learning are an important aspect in education system. Now a days Modern Information Technology (MIT) playing a very vital role in human life because with connection in the daily Teaching-Learning Process. The vital roles of technology in education are that Students and teachers can interact very well and teachers can serve all study material through online mode, so that students can better understand the topics and solve the problem. Modern Information Technology (MIT) approaches modern classroom, Smart classes, which primarily focus on improvising the performance of every student. Modern Information Technology (MIT) has bought about many dramatic changes in how teachers teach and how students learn. Education use Modern Information Technology (MIT) to design and assess learning activities, to communicate with students and the interactive education for continuous development. The present paper focused on the study of Modern Information Technology (MIT) for enhancing teaching-learning in pandemic outbreak with prime objectives are (i) To understand the concept of Modern Information Technology (MIT). (ii) To analyses the role of Modern Information Technology (MIT) in Teaching-Learning Process in pandemic outbreak. (iii) To analyses the role of Modern Information Technology (MIT) in Teaching-Learning Process in pandemic outbreak. The methodology of the research is a different type involving an interpretative, conversation, observations and study secondary sources, like books, articles, journals, thesis, university news, expert opinion, and websites etc. Key Words: Modern Information Technology (MIT), Teaching-Learning, Pandemic Outbreak
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Aggarwal, A. (2000). Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies: Opportunities and Challenges. London; Idea Group Publishing. Dutta, Indrajeet & Dutta, Neeti. (2012). Blended Learning; A pedagogical Approach to teach in Smart Classrooms. Edutracks; A monthly Scanner of Trends in Education
EFFECT OF POROUS MEDIUM AND MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE UNSTEADY FLOW OF DUSTY INCOMPRESSIBLE SECOND ORDER OLDROYD VISCOELASTIC LIQUID THROUGH THE RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER

Anil Tripathi

Page No.: 13323 - 13333

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The purpose of the present section is to analyse the effect of porous medium and uniform magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the unsteady flow of dusty incompressible Oldroyd visco-elastic liquid of second order under the influence of transient pressure gradient through a long right circular cylinder. This problem has been solved in the generalized visco-elastic model and the velocity field for visco-elastic liquid and the dust particles have been derived analytically in the closed form. The particular cases corresponding to Oldroyd, Maxwell, Rivlin-Ericksen dusty liquid and ordinary viscous dusty fluid models are derived for velocity field. There is also the case when uniform magnetic field is withdrawn has been deduced.
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Agrawal,V. P., Agrawal, N. K. and Varshney, N. K; Acta Ciencia Indica Vol. XXXVII M, No. 1, p-47 (2012). Bagchi, S. and Maiti, M. K.; Acta Ciencia Indica Vol. VI , No. 3, p-130 (1980). Dass, K. K.; Ind. Jour. Theo. Phy.,Vol. 52,No. 1, p-31 (2004).
MUKT VISHVAVIDYALAYI SHIKASHA ME ADHYANRAT V. ED. CHATRON KE JAN SANKYIKI CHARON EVAM SHIKASHAN SAMBANDHI SAMASYAON KA ADHYAYAN

Saroj Bala & Shashi Yadav

Page No.: 13334 - 13338

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MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS IN MAHARASHTRA ANALYSING POST 74TH AMENDMENT STATUS

Shahid M. Zakaullah

Page No.: 13339 - 13349

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Civic governments in Maharashtra have evolved during the British period. Since the seventeenth century its independence from the higher government and the active role of citizens have been emphasised. The BMC Act of 1888 and subsequent legislations have played an important in giving stability to the urban local governance. The provision of municipal corporation for larger urban areas has helped the government to resolve the civic issues to a large extent. The passage of 74th Amendment in the Parliament has further strengthened the status of the corporation as city government. However, the need to involve more and more people in the local governance has been recognised constitutionally. The autonomy especially in the field of finance is an area which needs special attention. Keywords: Municipal Corporation, Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats, Mayor, Presidents, Councillors, Municipal finance, Planning committees, metropolitan planning committees, Wards Committees
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Mudgal Rahul, (1998), Local Self-Government in India, Book Enclave Publisher Mullen Rani D. (2014), Decentralization, Local Governance and Social Well-being in India, Routledge Publications Myneni Dr. S. R., (2016), Local Self-Government, Published by Allahabad Law Agency. Nadkarni M. V., N. Sivanna, L. Suresh, (2018), Decentralised Democracy in India; Gandhi’s Vision and Reality. Published by Routledge India Oyugi, Walter O. (2000), Decentralisation for Good Governance and Development: Concepts and Issues. Regional Development Dialogue 21. No 1:3-21
“EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL ADVSING AND EDUCATION ON THE HEALTH AND FITNESS OF THE PREGNANT MOTHERS DURING PREGNANCY”

Miss. Jaya Bhimrao Dabarase

Recived Date: 2019-09-12 | Accepted Date: 2019-10-24 | Published Date: 2019-11-01

Page No.: 13350 - 13358

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The need to provide proper advising and education to pregnant mothers to maintain their health and fitness is mainly felt here, because lack of awareness about their fitness and health during the pregnancy. It is important for pregnant mothers to engage in daily exercise and daily activities to maintain good health and fitness.  But in India there is also a belief that pregnant mothers should not exercise too much.  Therefore, pregnant mothers are rarely active in daily exercise or movement.  Pregnancy is a very important moment in a woman's life, so she should daily exercise and kept engage in activity. For this they need proper advising and education which can improve their quality of life and that of the baby. Nutritional advice and proper education on how and what exercise to do will help them maintain their health and fitness.  Pregnant mothers should be advised and educated to exercise cautiously.  It is necessary to them under the guidance of Expert if possible. 52% of pregnant women agreed to moderate exercise.  Almost all pregnant women agreed to light exercise. It is significant increased in the percentage of agree to engage in daily activity as well as more improvement in daily consumed the nutrition diet. A study schedule was conducted on 480 pregnant mothers by planning for nutritional advising and education. The present study was planned so as not to face to creating health related problem in during pregnancy and in future. And the study revealed that they showed a significant improvement in fitness with a reduction in anemia, and a significantly increased in fetal weight during pregnancy, also most importantly in the risk of preterm delivery has reduced.



INNOVATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Neetu Upveja

Recived Date: 2019-10-25 | Accepted Date: 2019-10-30 | Published Date: 2019-11-01

Page No.: 13359 - 13365

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Education plays a pivotal role in the development of the society and decides the direction in which it has to develop. It has been the salient driver for the achievement of various societal milestones. Since development and advancement is order of the day, education has caught the limelight and turned to be paramount significance. In the present paper, an attempt is being made to throw some light on the current status of higher education, Gross enrolment ratio, state of employability of the output of higher learning institutions. Providing quality education and producing employable output has been a major challenge faced by institutions of higher education. We survive in a society where education is base to go up in the ladder socially, politically, economically etc, in the society. The paper further highlights the innovativeness being developed, persued and followed in the in the wake of changing dimensions of education globally. Academicians and administrators have to think on serious initiatives to be followed to bring about desired changes. The curriculum and delivery mechanism has to be restructured and updated from time to time to meet the expectations of the society. Though there is a visible growth in terms of increase in number of higher learning institutions i.e. 523 universities, deemed universities and institutions with national importance are functioning in India, but not even a single higher learning institution from India figured in the top 200 institutions in the world, this poses serious question on the education system being followed in the country which can only be answered by adopting innovative changes in higher learning institution. The concerted efforts so initiated may bring desired quality results from the sector. Thus the present paper makes an effort to critically examine the present status of higher education system in the country and offer measures to be adopted in the days to come to make the sector more vibrant and relevant and more societal oriented. Education ultimately should enable the society to attain and achieve the desired changes and enjoy the demographic dividend. Further it should contribute visibly in the development of productive social capital.

Keywords: GER, employability, higher education, higher learning institution, demographic dividend, social capital, curriculum

 



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